华南理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2025, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (11): 90-100.doi: 10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.240367
李海舰1, 李宇轩1, 王威杰1, 童盛军2, 高景伯2, 李同飞1, 陈娜1
收稿日期:2024-07-15
出版日期:2025-11-25
发布日期:2025-07-04
通信作者:
陈娜(1991—),女,博士,讲师,主要从事车路协同与自动驾驶仿真研究。
E-mail:nachen@bjut.edu.cn
作者简介:李海舰(1986—),男,博士,副教授,主要从事智能交通系统研究。E-mail: lihaijian@bjut.edu.cn
基金资助:LI Haijian1, LI Yuxuan1, WANG Weijie1, TONG Shengjun2, GAO Jingbo2, LI Tongfei1, CHEN Na1
Received:2024-07-15
Online:2025-11-25
Published:2025-07-04
Contact:
陈娜(1991—),女,博士,讲师,主要从事车路协同与自动驾驶仿真研究。
E-mail:nachen@bjut.edu.cn
About author:李海舰(1986—),男,博士,副教授,主要从事智能交通系统研究。E-mail: lihaijian@bjut.edu.cn
Supported by:摘要:
运行仿真和评价是无人配送车相关理论研究的基础,有利于推动无人配送车的高质量落地运营。该文首先梳理了无人配送车相关技术的发展现状和国内外的无人配送车安全运行管理规范,然后分析了无人配送车的行驶特性(包括车身安全特性、速度与能耗特性、跟驰和换道特性)和配送服务运行特性,指出需找到车辆设计、环境、配送任务之间合适的平衡点,并对无人配送车技术测试仿真、运营影响测试仿真和网络仿真方法的现状与不足进行了综述。在此基础上,借鉴国内外的无人配送车运行评价方法,结合无人配送车的运行特性,构建了针对非机动车道无人配送车运行评价的指标体系,指出了无人配送车的运行评价指标和未来研究方向,得到以下结论:现有无人配送车运行仿真技术缺乏统一的、权威性的管理规范;针对无人配送车运营影响的测试仿真研究较少;目前对无人配送车运行特性的研究不够深入,缺乏对实际场景的规划;借鉴道路服务水平评价指标,采用平均速度变化率和平均密度变化率作为无人配送车投放影响评价指标较为合适。
中图分类号:
李海舰, 李宇轩, 王威杰, 童盛军, 高景伯, 李同飞, 陈娜. 城市无人配送车的运行管理、仿真与评价研究综述[J]. 华南理工大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 53(11): 90-100.
LI Haijian, LI Yuxuan, WANG Weijie, TONG Shengjun, GAO Jingbo, LI Tongfei, CHEN Na. A Review of Researches on Operation Management, Simulation, and Evaluation of Urban Autonomous Delivery Vehicles[J]. Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition), 2025, 53(11): 90-100.
表2
中国、美国、英国无人配送车管理规范的对比"
| 名目 | 相应规定 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 中国(北京) | 美国(宾夕法尼亚州) | 英国 | ||||
| 车辆分类管理 | 非机动车 | 个人配送设备(PDD) | 低速车 | 微型移动车辆 | ||
| 行驶范围 | 非机动车道 | 人行道、路肩、路堤 | 机动车道 | 机动车道 | ||
| 管理规范 | 行业规范 | 各州PDD法规 + 许可证制度 | 机动车法规+许可证制度 | 依据机动车法规管理 | ||
| 装载质量/kg | ≤ 600 | ≤ 36 | ≤ 190 | ≤ 10 | ||
| 整车尺寸/(m × m × m) | ≤ 3.0 × 1.2 × 1.9 | ≤ 1.06 × 8.12 × 1.82 | ≤ 2.74 × 1.1 × 1.86 | — | ||
| 最高车速/(km·h-1) | ≤ 15 | ≤ 11 | ≤ 40 | ≤ 25 | ||
| 行驶监管 | 现场或远程操作人员时刻监管 | 前期为现场监管,后期为操作员持驾驶执照远程监控和操作 | 前期为现场监管,后期为操作员持驾驶执照远程监控和操作 | |||
| 事故判定 | 交管部门判定 | 车辆购买保险 | 运营方 | |||
| 信息安全 | 符合现行国家和行业标准 | 数据及摄像头记录保护个人身份信息(白名单) | — | |||
表3
VISSIM中无人配送车重要参数的标定"
| 参数标定内容 | VISSIM内部参数借鉴对象 | 无人配送车自定义参数 |
|---|---|---|
| 车辆类型 | 小汽车 | 无人配送车 |
| 车辆模型 | 小汽车 | 长度、车轴、前离合器、前车轴、后车轴、后离合器 |
| 期望速度分布 | — | 无人配送车期望速度 |
| 车辆加/减速函数 | — | 最大加速度、期望加速度、最大减速度、期望减速度 |
| 质量分布曲线 | — | 空载质量、满载质量 |
| 功率分布 | — | 无人配送车功率分布 |
| 颜色分布 | — | 无人配送车颜色 |
| 驾驶行为参数 | 跟驰模型 | CC0——停车间距 |
| CC1——车头时距 | ||
| CC2——跟车变量 | ||
| CC3——进入跟车状态的阈值 | ||
| CC4——跟车状态的阈值1 | ||
| CC5——跟车状态的阈值2 | ||
| CC6——车速振动 | ||
| CC7——加速度波动幅度 | ||
| CC8——停车的加速度 | ||
| CC9——80 km/h时的加速度 | ||
| 前视距离 | ||
| 后视距离 | ||
| 观察到的车辆数 | ||
| 换道参数 | 最大减速度,本车 | |
| 最大减速度,后车 | ||
| 可接受减速度,本车 | ||
| 可接受减速度,后车 | ||
| 消失的等待时间 | ||
| 最小车头间距 | ||
| 安全距离折减系数 | ||
| 协同刹车的最大减速度 |
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