Table of Content

25 October 2015, Volume 43 Issue 10

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Traffic & Transportation Engineering

A Dynamic Shortest Path Algorithm for Big Data

Xu Jian-min Wang Yu Lin Pei-qun

2015, 43(10):  1-7.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.001

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Massive heterogeneous data processing has been a great challenge to intelligent traffic applications． In this paper，the dynamic shortest path problem in traffic guidance is dealt with，and a mathematic model of dynamic traffic networks is constructed． Then，a dynamic shortest path algorithm considering the intersection delay is proposed． Furthermore，a distributed and parallel processing model for solving the dynamic shortest path problem is presented based on HaLoop MapＲeduce and by using big data techniques． Finally，the proposed algorithm is tested on the intelligent traffic management and control platform based on continual flow． Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm and the presented model can effectively find the dynamic shortest path in large scale networks and can meet the real-time requirement．

Stationarity and Ergodicity of Ｒandom Motorcade on Highway Bridge

Wang Qiang Su Cheng

2015, 43(10):  8-15.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.002

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Using the measured data to statistically analyze traffic parameters and then construct traffic load models is a popular approach to the estimation of the actual bridge load effect of random motorcade on bridge． However， the rationality of such an approach has not been theoretically verified till now． In this paper，based on the vehicle information collected by the weigh-in-motion systems ( WIM) on 28 lanes of six highway bridges，the 1-D random field of vehicle type of traffic flow on each lane is established． Then，the numerical characteristics of the established random fields，such as the ensemble means，the collection of correlation functions，the spatial means and the spatial correlation functions，are calculated according to the theory of random process． Analytical results show that the 1-D random fields of vehicle type of traffic flow，which are established through the survey on adequate vehicle samples on actual highways，are of stationarity and ergodicity，and the statistical information of the samples can represent the total samples． Besides，the established random fields can be used to further investigate the random vehicle loads and can provide a theoretical basis for modeling the random vehicle load on highway bridges． 

Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixed with Hybrid Synthetic Fiber

Hu Jian-rong He Rui Li Yong-peng

2015, 43(10):  16-22.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.003

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The hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete was prepared by using the polyethylene fiber ( PE) of a high elastic modulus and the polypropylene synthetic fibers( CPP) of a low elastic modulus，and its flexural behaviors and compressive resistance were determined． Then，the significances of the factors influencing the flexural toughness were discussed through a two-factor variance analysis，and the toughening mechanism of the hybrid fiber was explored． The results show that ( 1) the compressive strength of hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete specimens with different coarse aggregate contents is generally higher than that of plain concrete，and the improvement ranges are mainly between 15% ～ 30% ; ( 2) the load-deflection curves of the concrete specimens with the hybrid fiber are relatively full; and，furthermore，most curves exhibit a slow deformation softening characteristic while some display a deformation hardening characteristic; ( 3) the fiber content has a significant effect on the toughness of the concrete， while the coarse aggregate dosage has a smaller one; and ( 4) the CPP /PE fiber can toughen the concrete from different hierarchies，which causes a positive hybrid effect，thus enabling the prepared hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete to possess excellent toughness．

Modeling of Pedestrian Platoon Crossing Time at a Signalized Crosswalk

Song Xian-min Yang Qiu-jie Qu Zhao-wei Tao Peng-fei Liu Huan-feng

2015, 43(10):  23-28.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.004

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In order to set the green time of pedestrian crossing reasonably，ensure the safety of pedestrians and improve their crossing efficiency，the modeling of the pedestrian platoon crossing time is performed by means of the mathematical statistics method． By analyzing pedestrians' behavior characteristics at a signalized crosswalk，the pedestrian platoon crossing time is divided into the basic crossing time and the frictional delay． Then，based on the interference characteristic of bidirectional pedestrians，the relationship between the directional split ratio and the actual capacity of the crosswalk during the encounter phase of bidirectional pedestrians is investigated． On this basis，a pedestrian platoon crossing time model is proposed，and a data survey is adopted to verify the effectiveness of this model． The results show that，in comparison with the actual survey data，the calculation results of the proposed model shows a maximum relative error of 13． 21% and an average relative error of 6． 26% ，which means that the proposed model has a higher accuracy than the model of the HCM method． Thus，the proposed model can provide guidance for the pedestrian signal timing design．

Traffic Signal Optimization Method Considering Low Emissions and Short Delay

Yang Zhao-sheng Qu Xin Lin Ci-yun Bing Qi-chun Gong Bo-wen

2015, 43(10):  29-34,41.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.005

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In order to achieve low emissions and short delays through the multi-objective optimization control of traffic signals，first，the trajectory of the vehicle is described，and the vehicle emissions are calculated based on the vehicular specific power ( VSP) ． Then，the relationship between emissions and delays is quantified by means of the regression analysis，and a traffic signal control model for reducing emissions and shortening delays is constructed to optimize the cycle time and the green time of the signal control intersection． Thus，low emissions and short delays are realized through the multi-objective intelligent control of traffic signals． Finally，the constructed model is verified by a VISSIM simulation and on the basis of a survey about a typical intersection in the city of Changchun． Comparative analysis of the results before and after the optimization shows that the delays are shortened by about 10. 54% and the emissions are reduced by 13. 41%，which proves that the proposed control technology is effective．

A Constrained Multi-Objective Genetic Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Ｒunway Scheduling

Zhang Shu-qin Xia Hong-shan Jiang Yu Zhan Xu-ren

2015, 43(10):  35-41.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.006

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In order to obtain an optimal runway-scheduling scheme to improve the efficiency of runway operation，a constrained multi-objective model for arrivals and departures on multi-runways is constructed，and an improved genetic simulated annealing algorithm is proposed by analyzing the characteristics of both the genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing one． In the proposed algorithm，the objective functions for runway scheduling are processed by means of the Pareto dominance and the ideal point method，and the constraint conditions are handled by using the penalty objective functions and the dominated feasible solution． Furthermore，the mechanisms of updating new particles and selecting the best scheme are determined． For the purpose of improving the performance of the optimal solution，the convergence speed of the proposed algorithm is controlled by changing the temperature adaptively． Finally，the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the actual runway scheduling of a domestic huge airport． The results show that the proposed algorithm based on the Pareto dominance can obtain a set of better feasible solutions of runway scheduling and is of a better timeliness．

Hydrodynamic Performance Prediction and Parameter Effect Analysis of Controllable Pitch Propellers

Wang Guo-liang Wang Chao Qiao Yue Huang Sheng

2015, 43(10):  42-49.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.007

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In order to reveal the influence of geometric parameters on the hydrodynamic performance of controllable pitch propellers，both the controllable pitch process and the blade section distortion are simulated based on the principle of coordinate transformation，and the hydrodynamic performance of controllable pitch propellers is predicted by means of the panel method． First，with the propeller JDC7704 at the initial pitch as the research objective， the proposed simulation method is proved to be correct by comparing the numerical results of the hydrodynamic parameters with the data of the open water experiment． Then，by adjusting the pitch angle，the effects of initial advance coefficients，rake angle，skew angle，blade area ratio and hub diameter ratio on the hydrodynamic performance of controllable pitch propellers are discussed． The results show that the initial advance coefficients，rake angle，skew angle and blade area ratio have significant effects on the blade spindle，and the degrees and tendencies of the effects change under different pitch conditions．

Architecture & Civil Engineering

Investigation into Meso Performance of Asphalt Mixture Skeleton Based on Discrete Element Method

Shi Li-wan Wang Duan-yi Xu Chi Liang He-hao

2015, 43(10):  50-56.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.008

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In order to deeply understand the mixture skeleton structure and thus provide a theoretical basis for the design of the asphalt mixture of dense skeleton，the discrete element method is employed to investigate the constitution of the skeleton and the main skeleton of asphalt mixture，the basic characteristics of skeleton microstructure and the stress transfer performance of skeleton． The results indicate that ( 1) the evaluation of the asphalt mixture skeleton quality lies in the stress transfer magnitude of skeleton and its ability to resist external loads; ( 2) the contact points in the mixture can be divided into valid contact points and invalid contact points，and the main skeleton is made up of coarse aggregates which are in contact with one another and are of a particle size of greater than 2． 36 mm; ( 3) the stress transferred by the SMA ( Stone Mastic Asphalt) mixture skeleton accounts for about 70%～ 80% of the loading stress; ( 4) the proportion of the stress transferred by the skeleton is proportional to the nominal maximum size of the aggregates，but it is inversely proportional to the thickness of the specimen; and ( 5) the contribution rate of the main skeleton to the skeleton stress transfer is more than 70% ．

Seismic Dynamic Reliability Analysis of Bridges Based on ISC-Kriging Response Surface Method

Jia Bu-yu Yu Xiao-lin Yan Quan-sheng Chen Zhou

2015, 43(10):  57-66.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.009

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The response surface method is regarded as an effective way to solve the nonlinearity and complexity problems of the seismic reliability of bridges，but it has problems in selecting both agent model types and training samples． In order to solve these problems，an improved sequential sampling response surface method is proposed based on the infill sampling criterion ( ISC) optimization method and the Kriging model． In the proposed method， by taking the Kriging model as the agency and by drawing on the Monte Carlo sampling technique，an ISC function，which includes the predictive values of unknown samples and the corresponding MSE，is established by making use of the excellent prediction performance of the Kriging model and its unique ability to estimate the mean square error ( MSE) ． In the iterative phase，by solving the ISC optimization problem，the local and global searches are conducted and then the subsequent training samples are generated sequentially． Finally，the proposed method is utilized to analyze the dynamic reliability of a suspension bridge under random seismic excitation． The results show that the proposed method is of high accuracy and high efficiency．

Torsional Vibration Characteristic of PC Composite Box Girder with Corrugated Steel Webs

Zheng Shang-min Wan Shui

2015, 43(10):  67-73.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.010

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According to the characteristics of the PC composite box girder with corrugated steel webs，a formula calculating the torsional vibration frequency of the composite box girder is proposed based onthe Hamilton theory， which considers the shear deformation of the composite box girder． Then，a 5. 2 m experimental box girder model with corrugated steel webs is taken as the objective to conduct a modal experiment，and a modal analysis is performed by adopting the finite element analysis software ANSYS to construct a finite element model of PC composite box girders with corrugated steel webs． By comparing the measured value，the theoretical value and the finite element analysis results，both the correctness of the proposed formula and the applicability of the finite element model are verified． Analytical results show that the shear deformation has a great influence on the torsional vibration performance of the composite box girder with corrugated steel webs． Finally，through the parameter analysis，the influences of the thickness and folded angle of corrugated steel webs on the torsional vibration frequency of the composite box girder are analyzed． The results show that the torsional vibration frequency of the composite box girder with corrugated steel webs increases with the thickness of corrugated steel webs，while it decreases with the increase of the folded angle of corrugated steel webs．

Comparison and Numerical Analysis of Measurement Accuracy of Two Three-Dimensional Sound Intensity Arrays

Wang Hong-wei Zhang Long

2015, 43(10):  74-79,88.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.011

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In this paper，the measurement accuracies of the sound intensity arrays of the tetrahedral and six-microphone arrangements are numerically predicted，and the measured amplitude and angle biases of the two arrays are compared． Then，the numerical results are verified by a test in an anechoic room． The results show that ( 1) the measured amplitude errors of the two arrays increase with the frequency，and they are both greater than 2 dB when the frequency is 6 kHz and the sound intensity array radius is less than 0. 012 7 m; ( 2) the tetrahedron is significantly superior to the six microphone in terms of the angle bias，and the angle bias of the tetrahedron is less than 1° when kd ( the product of the wave number and the sound intensity array radius) is less than 1. 6; and ( 3) the tetrahedral sound intensity array reduces the requirement for the hardware system of the sound intensity measurement and can be used in relevant architecture acoustical measurements at the intermediate frequency stage．

Solutions for Displacements and Stress of Off-Track Steel Box Girder Strengthened by Diaphragms Under Secondary Shear Deformation

Ren Yang-zhi Cheng Wen-ming Qi Jing

2015, 43(10):  80-88.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.012

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In order to investigate the deformation and mechanic property of the off-track simply supported steel boxgirder strengthened by diaphragms，by regarding the box-girder with diaphragms as a high-order statically-indeterminate structure of inner redundant connections，a distortional flexible method considering the secondary shear deformation of cross-section is proposed，and the iterative algorithm based on the precise time-integration method is adopted to improve the accuracy of the flexibility equation． Then，based on the superimposition principle，the solutions for the flexural displacement and stress of the simply supported steel box-girder with diaphragms are both obtained with the shear lag effect being considered，and the solutions for torsional warping functions is deduced． Moreover，an initial parameter method of distortion is put forward by taking into account the shear deformation． Finally，the analytical solutions for the displacements and stress of the box-girders under offset load are obtained． The results show that the position of diaphragms has a significant influence on the longitudinal and transversal distortional displacements but with only a little influence on the flexural and torsional displacements，and that the diaphragms can effectively increase the distortional frame rigidity of box girders and greatly reduce the transversal flexural deformations caused by the cross-sectional distortion．

Mechanical Engineering

Investigation into Combined Process of Extrusion and Upsetting Extrusion for Thick Sheet with Rectangular Edge Convexity

Xia Qin-xiang Hu Xuan-tong Chen Deng Qu Hong-bo

2015, 43(10):  89-94.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.013

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In the investigation，a combined process of extrusion and upsetting extrusion is proposed by analyzing the forming technologies of the parts with rectangular edge convexity． Then，the extrusion and upsetting extrusion processes of the rectangular edge convexity are respectively simulated by using the finite element analysis software Deform-3D and by means of the rigid-plastic finite element analysis method． Simulation results show that the proposed combined process can achieve the convexity with rectangular edges，and that，during the extrusion process， the larger boss height of the anti-push punch is，the smaller the convexity edge fillet will be，which is more beneficial to form the rectangular edge convexity． It is also found that smaller boss height of the anti-push punch causes the crack defects to occur more easily on the hole wall and the end face of the convexity． According to the simulation results，a set of stamping dies are designed and manufactured，so as to verify the forming process of the convexity by experiments． The results show that the experimental results accord well with the simulation ones，and that the crack defects can be effectively reduced by increasing the punch fillet radius and by adopting the lubricating oil．

Study on Squeeze Casting Forming Technology for Large and complex Parts

Shao Ming Zhang Ming-wei Zhang Da-tong You Dong-dong Zhang Wei-wen Zhang Wen

2015, 43(10):  95-99,107.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.014

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With the large and complex bracket part of a special vehicle as an example，a forming process method of
squeeze casting was proposed for large and complex parts，and a corresponding squeeze casting mold was designed．Then，the numerical simulations of the temperature and flow fields of castings were performed by using the software ProCAST，and the forming parameters were verified． Finally，a squeeze casting forming experiment of large and complex bracket parts was conducted on the A356 aluminum alloy material，and the castings meeting the requirements were obtained． The results show that the designed mold has a good performance in forming large and complex parts，which proves that the proposed squeeze casting forming process is feasible and effective．


Hierarchical Fuzzy Vibration Control of Rotating Double Flexible Piezoelectric Beams

Qiu Zhi-cheng Wu Chuan-jian

2015, 43(10):  100-107.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.015

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The rotating double flexible beam structure driven by a planetary reducer with gear backlash is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system of strong coupling and nonlinear characteristics． In order to solve the
vibration control problem in this system，a hierarchical fuzzy control algorithm on the basis of the MIMO system is proposed． In the algorithm，first，the hierarchical structure is introduced into the fuzzy controller，and the system running state of the rotating double flexible beam is divided into different zones． Then，the experimental platform of the rotating double flexible piezoelectric beam driven by a planetary reducer is established，and piezoelectric actuators and an alternating current (AC) servo motor are used to attenuate the vibrations of the double flexible beam structure，so as to verify the proposed algorithm by experiments． The results demonstrate that，in comparison with the proportional and derivative (PD) controller，the proposed algorithm can suppress both the large amplitude vibrations and the small amplitude vibrations of the structure more quickly．


Static/Dynamic Analysis and Optimal Design of a High-Speed Parallel Manipulator

Zang Jia-wei Mei Jiang-ping Liu Song-tao Song Tao

2015, 43(10):  108-115.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.016

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By combining the finite element analysis with the kinematical theory，a modeling strategy of the global
parametric finite element model and an optimal design of structural parameters are proposed for a 4-DOF high-speed parallel manipulator which can realize SCARA (Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm) motion． First，based on the inverse kinematic analysis of the Cross-IV manipulator，the finite element model of the manipulator under different conditions of configurations，dimensions and structures can be rapidly constructed by means of the Ansys programming language APDL． Next，by using the parametric finite element model，a circular modeling strategy is presented to evaluate both the global static stiffness and the low-order natural frequency distribution of the whole machine，and the configuration of the worst performance is obtained． Finally，a novel performance index is defined to estimate the dynamic characteristics of the manipulator，and the effect of structural parameters on the dynamic performance of the system is deeply analyzed through the orthogonal experiments of a set of scale parameters．Thus，a set of optimal structural parameters are obtained．


Effects of Raceway Surface Dents on Oil Film Characteristics of Grease-Lubricated Rolling Bearing#br#

Chao-Lin PENG Zhen CHEN

2015, 43(10):  116-121.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.017

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In this paper，the numerical calculation method is employed to analyze the effects of the surface dents in
rolling bearing raceways of different sizes and locations on the distribution of the oil film pressure and thickness in the state of grease lubrication． Then，the distribution is compared with that on a smooth surface． Finally，the results of theoretical analyses are verified by using a SEM and an EDS． The results show that (1) due to the existence of surface dents，the film pressure reaches the peak in the edges of the surface dents，while it decreases sharply in the central areas of surface dents; (2) the film thickness zooms in the lubrication areas of surface dents in the direction from near the entrance side to the exit side，but the film on the whole is thinner than that on a smooth surface; and (3) both the size and the location of surface dents have significant influences on the distribution of the oil film pressure and thickness．


Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

Optimization and Evaluation of Advanced Technologies Applied to Pulp and Papermaking Using Agricultural Straw#br#

Chen Ke-fu Tian Xiao-jun Wang Bin Li Jun

2015, 43(10):  122-130,139.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.018

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In May 2015，eight academicians of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and eight experts of China National Light Industry Council jointly offered a proposal entitled“Popularizing the Advanced Technological Mode of Pulp and Papermaking Using Agricultural Straw”to the Chinese government，which has attracted the attention of national authorities． This paper first discusses the advanced technology system containing the pulping，bleaching and black liquor treatment of agricultural straw，and then optimizes and evaluates the advanced technologies from the perspectives of resource and energy consumption，investment and running cost，pollution level，pulp quality and technology maturity． Thus，the advanced technological mode，which can be popularized and applied in the pulp and papermaking using agriculture straw，is obtained． This study provides theoretical basis and technological support for the above proposal．


Tertiary Treatment of Paper-Making Tobacco Sheet Wastewater via Catalytic Ozonation with Ti(Ⅳ) Ions#br#

Chen Sai-yan Li You-ming Lei Li-rong

2015, 43(10):  131-139.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.019

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In order to further reduce the pollution load of the wastewater from the production of tobacco sheet
through the papermaking process，the ozone oxidation catalyzed by Ti(Ⅳ) is used to treat the secondary biologically-treated effluent of paper-making tobacco sheet wastewater，and the effects of such technological conditions as catalyst dosage，ozone mass concentration，pH value and temperature on the efficiency of the wastewater treatment are investigated． The results show that (1) during the wastewater treatment through the ozone oxidation catalyzed by Ti(Ⅳ)，the COD degradation reaction conforms to the second-order kinetics equation; (2) the addition of Ti(Ⅳ) increases the kinetic rate constant of the reaction，and it plays an important role in the degradation of organic substances in the wastewater; (3) under the conditions of a pH value of 8. 0，a Ti(Ⅳ) dosage of 0. 4 mmol/L，a O₃ concentration of 14. 76 mg/L and a temperature of 30 ℃，the COD and color removal rates after a 60 min reaction respectively reach 67% and 98%; and (4) the COD removal rate is 24% higher than that through the single ozone oxidation． IR and UV spectra analyses indicate that the ozone oxidation catalyzed by Ti(Ⅳ) is effective in degrading the recalcitrant organic compounds in the paper-making tobacco sheet wastewater，which include lignin degradation products and such nitrogen compounds as nicotine，and thus greatly reduces the pollution load of the treated wastewater． XRD analysis demonstrates that the ozone oxidation catalyzed by Ti(Ⅳ) causes TiO₂ ，cal-cium carbonate and magnesium carbonate to form in the paper-making tobacco sheet wastewater，which increases the removal effect of the pollutants in the wastewater．


Synthesis and Water Vapor Adsorption Property of Hierarchically-Porous Aluminosilicates#br#

Wei Xiao-lan Liu Qiao Ding Jing Wang Wei-long Chen Hong-yin Yang Jian-ping

2015, 43(10):  140-146.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.10.020

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In order to meet the requirements of the efficient rotary desiccant technology，the aluminosilicate was
synthesized via the hydrothermal method，and the influence of the stirring time on the adsorbent properties was revealed． Then，the structure and morphology of the absorbent were characterized by using the N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm and by means of TEM，XPS，XRD and FT-IR，and the adsorption/desorption properties of the adsorbent on water vapor were determined by using a dynamic vapor sorption system (DVS-STD)． Experimental results show that，as the stirring time increases，the specific surface area，pore volume and surface Si/Al ratio of the adsorbent gradually increase，the average pore size gradually decreases，and the absorption property of the adsorbent on water vapor is improved，and that the adsorbent has a low desorption temperature of 360 K，and the absorption property of the aluminosilicate on water vapor is better than that of zeolite 3A at a low relative humidity (RH≤40 %)．