Table of Content

25 September 2015, Volume 43 Issue 9

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Electronics, Communication & Automation Technology

Sensorless High-Performance Control of IPMSM Within Wide Speed Range

Wang Zhao-dong Wen Xiao-qin You Lin-ru Zeng Wen-tao

2015, 43(9):  1-7.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.001

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As the sliding mode observer of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) is easily affected by the d/q-axis inductance difference，this paper proposes an L q model of IPMSM，constructs a synthetic back EMF of IPMSM under the L q model，and designs a sliding mode state observer based on the synthetic back EMF． Meanwhile，the back EMF information is extracted through the two-stage filter method，the constant phase compensation is realized by means of the variable cutoff frequency method，and the high-speed running of system is achieved by using a phase locked loop technique． Then，corresponding control strategies are adopted to meet various requirements for actual applications when the motor starts． Moreover，a new switching strategy is presented for realizing smoothly and steady switching of system at low-to-medium speed switching． Experimental results on an IPMSM indicate that the proposed sliding-mode sensorless control algorithm，the starting control selection and the initiative switching strategy can realize the sensorless high-performance control of IPMSM within a wide speed range． Thus，the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is verified．


Fractional-Order Modeling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Output-Error Algorithm

Zheng Wei-jia Wang Xiao-hong Pi You-guo

2015, 43(9):  8-13.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.002

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In order to obtain a precise model of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)，a fractional-order
modeling approach of PMSM is proposed by combining the mechanism modeling and the numerical modeling． First，the model structures of electromagnetic part and mechanical part of PMSM are built on the basis of the composition mechanism of PMSM，and modeling experiments are conducted on the two parts． Then，the parameters of the two parts are identified by applying the output-error numerical fitting method，and the fractional-order model of PMSM is thus obtained． Finally，the speed controllers are designed on the basis of the obtained model，and the simulations and experiments of tracking the motor speed are performed． Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed fractional-order model can describe the nature of PMSM more precisely in comparison with the integer-order model．


Bipolar Pulse Pickling Power Supply and its Control Method

Cao Biao Yang Guang Yang Kai

2015, 43(9):  14-19.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.003

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In order to meet the requirements of various electrolytic pickling processes，this paper designs a bipolar
pulse pickling power supply based on a two-stage inverter structure and puts forward its real-time control method．This power supply outputs DC，DC pulse，AC symmetry pulse and AC asymmetry pulse． Through the electrical characteristic analysis and the micro-morphology observation of pickling surface，the effects of pulse frequency and current density on the electrolytic pickling process under the AC symmetry pulse mode are investigated． Experimental results demonstrate that there is an optimal value of pulse frequency corresponding to current density，and the pickling process with the optimal pulse frequency achieves a high removal efficiency of oxide skin with a smooth workpiece surface，and that the pulse frequency of AC symmetry pulse has a significant effect on the pickling result，and the optimal pulse frequency increases with the current density． Therefore，the pickling efficiency and result can be improved by means of the real-time control of pulse frequency．


A Dynamic Gradient Vector Flow Model

Zhou Zhi-heng Zhong Hui-qiang Dai Ming

2015, 43(9):  20-26,33.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.004

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Traditional active contour models based on the gradient vector flow can only produce static force field，in
which the equilibrium problem often occurs and it causes a difficulty in the convergence of the contour curve to a long concave boundary． In order to solve this problem，a dynamic gradient vector flow model is proposed in this paper． In the model，first，a dynamic force field is generated by adopting an indicative function relevant to the evolving contour curve to weigh the edge gradient map． Then，the edge stopping function is employed to control the convergence of the evolving contour curve． The proposed model makes full use of the information of the evolving contour curve，and thus it avoids the premature convergence caused by the equilibrium problem of static external force field and pushes the contour to evolve to the concavity boundary． Simulation results show that，in comparison with the traditional models，the proposed model can segment the long concave boundary of the object successfully and achieves better segmentation results in extracting the complex boundary of the object．


Dynamic Rate Allocation of Heterogeneous Wireless Transmission Based on Coalition Formation Game Theory

Liu Jiao-jiao Ma Bi-yun

2015, 43(9):  27-33.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.005

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Aiming at the rate allocation problem of the collaborative transmission in heterogeneous wireless networks，this paper introduces the transmission power cost into the coalition utility function，establishes a stable coalition on the basis of the merge-and-split rule and performs the dynamic rate allocation modeling on the basis of the coalition formation game theory． Then，a dynamic rate allocation algorithm is proposed． In order to maximize the coalition gain，the transmission rates in different networks are obtained through derivation． The above-mentioned process，which includes the merge-and-split-based coalition formation and the rate allocation in the coalition，continues until the end of traffic transmission． Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can adjust the coalition structure dynamically in the transmission according to the terminal position and achieve a high coalition gain with a low power cost．


Interference Ｒight Trading-Based Power Control Algorithm of Cognitive Ｒadio Networks

Deng Xiao-fang Guan Quan-sheng Lin wei-hui Jiang Sheng-ming

2015, 43(9):  34-38,46.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.006

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In order to promote the fairness and spectrum efficiency of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) and to max-
imize the utility of primary user (PU) and secondary users (SUs)，this paper introduces a game-based non-cooperation trading mechanism，and proposes an interference right trading-based power control algorithm of cognitive radio networks． In the algorithm，PUs that has satisfied their own minimum interference threshold are allowed to trade their interference rights (IRs)，and the interference price is imposed on SUs to earn income as the compensation for the degradation of QoS． Moreover，through the principle of price lever，the non-cooperative game among SUs as well as between PUs and SUs are performed in terms of the interference price and the transmitting power，and thus the interference price and the transmitting power eventually converge to a Nash equilibrium point． Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is more fair and practical than the traditional one．


Effect of Carrier Frequency Offsets on Performance of OFDM AF Relay System

Li Ju-hu Nie Juan

2015, 43(9):  39-46.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.007

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This paper deals with the bit error rate (BER) and outage probability of a dual hop OFDM AF relay sys-
tem in the presence of carrier frequency offsets (CFO)． First，the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the system and its probability distribution are put forward in the presence of CFO，and then the close-form expressions of the BER and outage probability of the system are derived with CFO in Ｒayleigh fading channels． In order to provide more insights，the error floors of the BEＲ and outage probability of the system are also obtained． Moreover，a theoretical analysis is proved to be correct by simulation． The theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that，in the presence of CFO，the BER and outage probability of the system tend to be the error floor but not zero even at a high SNＲ，and that the performance of OFDM AF relay system is very sensitive to the CFO，and the system performance gets worse rapidly with the increases of the CFO and the SNR．


High Energy-Efficient Capacitor Array DAC for SAR ADC

Hu Yun-feng Li Bin Wu Zhao-hui

2015, 43(9):  47-53,66.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.008

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Capacitor array digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) is one of the main energy consumption sources of
successive approximation register analogue-to-digital converter (SAR ADC)． In order to reduce the energy consumption of capacitor array DAC，this paper proposes a high energy-efficient capacitor array DAC structure． In the structure，each capacitor part is connected in turn through a switch． In the first two comparison cycles，owing to the top-plate sampling technique and the level shift technique，there is no switching energy consumption in the capacitor array DAC; in the rest of comparison cycles from the third to the nth，owing to the charge sharing technique and the voltage monotonic down technique，there exists a low switching energy consumption in the capacitor array DAC．
Simulation results show that，in comparison with the traditional capacitor array DAC structure，the proposed struc-
ture can decrease the energy consumption by 99． 22% and reduce the number of capacitors by 75%．


Performance Analysis of Selection Combiner of Differential Amplify-and-Forward Systems in Nakagami-m Fading Channels

Lou Yi Ma Yong-kui Zhao Hong-lin Zheng Yan

2015, 43(9):  54-59.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.009

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In differential cooperative diversity systems，the traditional maximal ratio combiner (MRC) needs the
second-order statistics of all channels as the weights of the combiner． Meanwhile，a selection combiner (SC) can form a decision variable based on the received signals，and the link with the maximum magnitude of the decision variable is chosen for non-coherent detection． In this paper，the performance of a differential amplify-and-forward system employing a SC is analyzed． Then，an exact analytical expression of the average bit error rate (BER) and the outage probability are derived by means of the moment generating function (MGF) method and the optimal power allocation point is put forward． Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the differential amplify-and-forward system employing the SC and the MRC is better than that of direct transmission， and in comparison with the MRC scheme，the SC scheme without any channel state information reduces the complexity and achieves a similar performance．


An Image Matching Algorithm Based on Spectral Features

2015, 43(9):  60-66.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.010

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The traditional image matching algorithm based on spectral graph usually matches the points with the position relationship of feature points，and the gray information around feature points is not fully utilized． In order to solve this problem，this paper proposes an image matching algorithm based on spectral features． This algorithm uses the spectrum of line graph to reflect the changes of the gray level around feature points，stratifies the neighbors of each feature point，and then constructs a line graph for the points of each layer． Thus，the spectral features of feature points are obtained from the spectrum of line graph． Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the spectral features are of rotation invariance，linear brightness variation invariance and strong robustness to noise． Finally，the Hungarian algorithm is used to solve the matching problem and output the matching results． Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a high matching accuracy，and it can also achieve better matching results under a
larger deformation between the two images to be matched．


Computer Science & Technology

A Multi-Domain Virtual Network Embedding Algorithm Based on Minimum Cost

Peng Li-min

2015, 43(9):  67-73,112.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.011

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Aiming at the problem of the virtual network embedding in the multi-domain network environment，a
multi-domain virtual network embedding algorithm (MC-VNE) based on the minimum cost is proposed． First，a feasible substrate node set is calculated for embedding each virtual node based on the constraints of the virtual network． Then，a feasible substrate path set is calculated for embedding each virtual link by using the minimum weight routing algorithm． Finally，on the basis of the Kruskal minimum spanning tree algorithm，the substrate path of the lowest weight is selected from the feasible substrate path set in turn，and the corresponding virtual link is then embedded into the selected substrate path in a proper order． Meanwhile，the corresponding virtual nodes are embedded in a harmonious way． Simulation results show that the MC-VNM algorithm reduces the resource cost of virtual network embedding effectively，and improves the acceptance ratio of virtual network requests．


Energy Heterogeneity-Based Multi-Chain Algorithm for WSN

Wang Wei-xing Huang Hong Sun Dao-zong Li Liang-bin Hu Zi-ang

2015, 43(9):  74-80.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.012

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In order to balance the energy consumption of WSN effectively and improve the network lifetime，an
energy heterogeneity-based multi-chain algorithm (EHMCA) is proposed． In the algorithm，a two-stage heterogeneous network is adopted first，and the network area is divided into a number of equal subregions． Then，the optimal domain radius of clusters is determined according to the spacing between layers，the threshold value of the cluster head is also determined based on the energy of the advanced nodes and the average energy of the whole network，and the multi-hop routing inter-cluster parallel transmission mechanism is employed between layers． Therefore，in the whole network area，the cluster head transmits data to the base station by means of the multi-hop inter-layer multi-link parallel transmission mode and the single hop transmission mode of the optimal cluster． Simulation results show that the network performance of the EHMCA is better than those of the other three kinds of protocols，which
proves that the EHMCA is effective and practical．


PI Feedback-Based Dynamic Load-Balancing Algorithm for Distributed Control System

Tang Feng Zhang Ping Li Fang Huang Zhi-xiang

2015, 43(9):  81-87.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.013

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In order to solve the problem of slow response caused by the load imbalance and the communication
overhead in distributed control systems，a task allocation model is constructed on the basis of the request division，and a dynamic load-balancing algorithm is proposed on the basis of the real-time dynamic proportional integral (PI)feedback control． This algorithm adopts the PI control method to dynamically adjust the allocation weight of server nodes according to the real-time feedback values of the performance of the nodes，and then employs the virtual node transfer algorithm to partially adjust the distribution of virtual nodes，so as to maintain the stability of Hash space．Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm realizes the dynamic load balancing of distributed control system，reduces the communication overhead and improves the real-time performance of the control system，and that the proposed algorithm is of a high expansion and an excellent fault tolerance．


Object Ｒe-Identification Algorithm Based on Weighted Euclidean Distance Metric

Tan Fei-gang Liu Wei-ming Huang Ling Zhai Cong

2015, 43(9):  88-94.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.014

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As the traditional Euclidean distance has a weak distinctive ability in the feature similarity measure，an
object re-identification algorithm based on the weighted Euclidean distance metric is proposed． First，aiming at the problems of the existing object re-identification algorithm，which are that the object segmentation is sensitive to clothing and background color and the human head information is ignored，a simple segmentation method is proposed，which divides a person into three parts according to the statistics of the proportion of each part in VIPeR and i-LIDS data-sets． Then，various complementary features of each part are extracted to improve the robustness of the proposed algorithm to illumination changes and other factors． A significant local binary pattern (SLBP) with a significant factor as the weight is proposed to increase the description ability of the local binary pattern (LBP) to the significance of the object in the part feature description process． Finally，the comprehensive result of the similarity measure of each part is used to determine whether the object is matched． The results of comparative experiments on VIPeR and i-LIDS datasets show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other algorithms in terms of accuracy．


Improved Discrete Particle Swarm-Based Parallel Schedule Algorithm in Cloud Computing Environment#br#

Xu Hua Zhang Ting

2015, 43(9):  95-99.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.015

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Aiming at the optimization problem of task scheduling in the cloud computing environment and the defects of prematurity and low precision of traditional discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithms，a
method of dynamically adjusting the inertia weight factor is proposed in a cloud computing environment，and an improved discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm is put forward． This algorithm can determine the appropriate parallel task allocation scheme quickly，and makes the scheme achieve the shortest scheduling length． Simulation results show that the improved DPSO algorithm is superior to the traditional DPSO algorithm and the genetic algorithm in terms of the convergence，the previous global search capability and the late local exploration performance，and that，in the case of a large number of tasks，the parallel task scheduling algorithm using the improved DPSO algorithm is superior to those using the traditional DPSO algorithm or the genetic algorithm in terms of scheduling length．


Self-Adaptive Stereo Image Synthesis Algorithm for Auto-Stereoscopic Display

Hou Chun-ping Chen Lei Wang Xiao-yan Wang Zhi-yuan

2015, 43(9):  100-106.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.016

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In the existing stereo image synthesis algorithms used in the auto-stereoscopic display，the inclination
angle of image synthesis is inflexible，the synthesis process is slow and the effect is poor．Therefore，we propose a novel algorithm named as self-adaptive stereo image synthesis algorithm，which adjusts the inclination angle during the process of image synthesis based on the theory of binocular stereo vision used in the auto-stereoscopic display．In the algorithm，a novel law of judgment named the law of judgment by the first column sub-pixels is proposed and then the inclination angle of the image to be unmapped is adjusted automatically according to the inclination angles of the partial mapped images during the process of image synthesis，so that the judgment number of sub-pixels can be decreased and thus the synthesis of stereo images can be sped up． Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is suitable for the auto-stereoscopic display equipment with any inclination angle of parallax barrier and can make the synthesis more reasonable．


Mechanical Engineering

Analysis of Critical Load and Width of Plate-Shaped Buckling under Tension

Dai Jie-tao Li Lie-jun Dai Wen-li Zhang Zu-jiang

2015, 43(9):  107-112.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.017

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Based on the actual plate and strip buckling situation in the site and by analyzing the analytic model of
plate and strip buckling，which used to be calculated as a whole，this paper takes the compressive stress region as the plate-shaped buckling deformation region to reflect the actual plate shape situation in the site，and then establishes an analytic calculation model of the outer tension affecting the plate-shaped buckling deformation． Thus，the changes of the critical buckling load and critical width of plate and strip are obtained under different outer tensions，that is，with the increase of tension，the critical buckling load increases while the critical width decreases，which accords well with the actual situation in the site． In order to further verify the analytic calculation result，a finite element calculation model of the plate and strip buckling is established under outer tensions，and the simulation result is consistent with the analytic calculation one．


Experimental Investigation into Si₃N₄ Ceramics Machined via Shear-Thickening Polishing Method

Li Min Yuan Ju-long Lü Bing-hai Yao Wei-feng Dai Wei-tao

2015, 43(9):  113-120.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.018

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In the investigation，the control strategy of ultra-precision machining of Si₃N₄ ceramics is analyzed on the
basis of the principle of shear thickening polishing (STP)，and the rheological behaviors of the prepared STP slurry with cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasives are discussed． Then，the variations of the surface morphology and surface residual stress state of Si₃N₄ ceramics before and after the polishing are analyzed to reveal the polishing characteristics of STP． The results show that (1) the slurry displays a reversible shear thinning and shear thickening behavior，which meets the requirement of the slurry for processing STP; (2) the machining efficiency and surface quality of Si₃N₄ ceramics can be controlled by changing the grain size of CBN abrasives，and the theoretical values of the material removal and the surface roughness can reflect the change of experimental values; (3) the STP removal of Si₃N₄ is a continuous micro cutting process named "flexible polishing"，in which the brittle shear or the adhesive wear is employed in the initial stage of machining and the ductile removal of the microscopic plastic flow is used in the later stage; (4)when the grain size reaches nanoscale，the surface stress state of Si 3 N 4 will change from the initial residual tensile stress to the compressive stress，which means that the STP can efficiently remove the damage layer of the original surface and produce merely new small damage; (5) with the extension of the polishing time，the material removal amount of Si₃N₄ first increases quickly and then tend to increase slowly; (6) after polishing for 90 min，the material removal rate decreases from 5． 00 ～ 2． 40μm/h to 3． 24 ～ 2． 04μm/h and the surface roughness R_a reduces from 108． 9 ～111． 1 nm to 22． 0 ～10． 7nm; and (7) after polishing for 150min，R_a can be reduced to 9． 6 ～7． 2nm，which indicates that STP process achieves the precision polishing of Si 3 N 4 ceramics．


Evaluation of Cutting Tool Performance of End Mills for Titanium Alloy Components

Zhao Wei Wang Sheng-zhang Li Liang Yang Yin-fei

2015, 43(9):  121-127.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.019

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The machining of the titanium aircraft component is difficult to conduct in terms of material and structure，so both the structural and material matches between cutting tools and work-pieces need to be considered． At present，a systematic method to evaluate and select cutting tools used in the high-performance machining of domestic aviation manufacturing industry is highly demanded． Aiming at this issue，a testing benchmark model is constructed on the basis of existing researches in this paper，which takes into account the typical difficult-to-cut features of titanium aircraft components，and proposes two fuzzy comprehensive evaluation models of cutting tool performance of rough and finish milling on the basis of fuzzy mathematics theory． Then，by the milling experiments of the benchmark model，the proposed fuzzy comprehensive evaluation models are used to evaluate the cutting tool performance of end mills． The results show that the constructed benchmark model and the proposed fuzzy comprehensive evaluation models can be used to assess the cutting tool performance of end mills for titanium aircraft components accurately and rapidly．


Dynamic Response Analysis of Planetary Gear Transmission System Coupled with Gearbox Vibrations

He Zhao-xia Chang Le-hao Liu Lan

2015, 43(9):  128-134,148.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.020

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In order to obtain accurate dynamic response analysis of planetary gear transmission systems，an accurate
product design should be performed． In this paper，a dynamic model of 2K-H planetary gear transmission (PGT) system coupled with gearbox vibrations is constructed，in which the whole system is divided into the transmission part and the gearbox structure，and the modeling of the transmission part and the gearbox structure are conducted respectively by means of the lumped mass method and the finite element method． Then，the gearbox model is transformed into the joint nodes of bearing supports through the substructure method and is coupled with the transmission system under the interface coordination condition． Moreover，the time-varying mesh stiffness and the mesh error are also taken into account，and thus a time-varying multi-degree-of-freedom-coupled dynamic model of planetary gear transmission system is constructed． The system dynamics analysis results before and after coupling gearbox show that (1) the coupling of gearbox reduces the meshing forces and supporting forces of planetary gear transmission system markedly; (2) the change of rotor speeds causes the meshing forces and the supporting forces to change in
different directions when other system parameters are invariant; and (3) in order to achieve the light weight design and reliability design of the optimized transmission system，it is necessary to finish accurate dynamic modeling and analysis．


Momentum Distribution Method of Blades of Hydraulic Torque Converter with Circumferential Uniform Acceleration

Wang An-lin Cheng Wei Cao Yan Liu Wei-guo

2015, 43(9):  135-140.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.021

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In this paper，a new momentum distribution method with circumferential uniform acceleration is proposed to improve the traditional momentum distribution method used in the blade design of hydraulic torque converter (HTC)． In this method，the fluid particle movement inside the HTC is decomposed into the axis plane movement and the circumferential movement，and the equation of circumferential force of blades is derived based on the equations of the angular momentum and the velocity momentum． Then，the relationship between the velocity momentum and the circumferential movement is obtained，and the new momentum distribution scheme with circumferential uniform acceleration is obtained with a stable circumferential acceleration process of flow bundle． The new scheme is compared with the traditional momentum distribution scheme，and the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) is utilized to predict the performance of the HTC designed according to the new and traditional schemes．Thus，the effectiveness of the new momentum distribution method is verified．


Multi-Objective Aerodynamic Optimum Design of a Blade Based on Mesh Deformation

Liu Hao Zhang Lei Li Xiao-lin

2015, 43(9):  141-148.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.09.022

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There exist the defects of multi design variables and long optimization cycle in the traditional optimum
design of compressor blades． In order to solve these problems，this paper proposes a free-form mesh deformation parameterization method of fluid grids by using a non-uniform rational B-spline basis function，and constructs an design system of aerodynamic optimization of rotor blades by combining the advanced design of Latin hypercube sampling experiments，the Kriging response surface model and the NSGA-Ⅱmulti-objective genetic algorithm． Calculation results show that (1) the optimized blade has a total pressure ratio improvement by 0．33% and an isentropic efficiency improvement by 0．83% at a choke mass flow of 98%; (2) the optimized blade is a forward-leaned blade，which helps reduce the shock loss and improve the performance of the rotor; and (3) in comparison with the traditional optimization design method，the proposed optimization system reduces design variables and shortens optimized cycles．