Table of Content

25 August 2015, Volume 43 Issue 8

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Power & Electrical Engineering

Calculation and Analysis of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Fuel Cladding with Dirt at a Low Flow Rate of Coolant

Zhang Xiao-ying Yin Sheng-hui Lu Xiang-hui Lin Wei-qing Wang Ting Chen Huan-dong

2015, 43(8):  1-8.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.001

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Aiming at the fragments of deposit on the fuel cladding caused by the loss of coolant accident of nuclear power stations，a numerical calculation model of the temperature field on the fuel cladding and the coolant is con-structed by using the one-dimensional model． Then，the numerical calculation results are compared with the CFX simulation ones，so as to analyze the influences of the thickness of the dirt，the thermal conductivity of the dirt and the flow rate of the coolant on the temperature rise of the fuel cladding and discuss the transient change of the tem-perature rise． Calculation results show that the numerical results are close to the CFX simulation ones，with a maxi-mum relative deviation of 2%． Through an analysis，it is also found that the dirt deposition leads to a temperature rise on the fuel cladding，and the extent of temperature rise increases with the increase of the dirt thickness as well as with the decrease of the thermal conductivity of the dirt． In addition，it is found that there exists a critical inlet flow rate of coolant，and a boiling crisis occurs in the reactor core when the inlet flow rate of coolant is below the critical value．


Principles of Heat Transfer Organization Optimization for (1 + n) Multi-Stream One-Dimensional Heat Exchanger Meeting Process Ｒequirements#br#

Xu Xiong-wen Liu Jin-ping Wu Qiu-li

2015, 43(8):  9-14,48.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.002

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On the premise of meeting the requirements of the multi-stream heat transfer process，the optimal orga-
nization principle of the heat transfer processamong (1 + n) multistreams，which comes from one cold stream and multi hot streams or from one hot stream and multi cold streams，is discussed in this paper． Then，a functional analysisis conducted to solve the required minimum heat exchange area under a given entranspy dissipation． The results show that，when the process requirements are met and the product of the heat transfer temperature difference and the square root of heat transfer coefficient is kept uniform，the heat transfer process among (1 + n) multi streams shows the best performance with aminimum heat exchange area，and that the principle of keeping the temperature difference (Δt) uniform is not the best．


Improved Composite Control of Grid-Connected Inverter

Gui Cun-bing Xie Yun-xiang Cheng Li Wang Yu

2015, 43(8):  15-20.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.003

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The LCL filter is a third-order system of a low damping，where resonanceis easy to occur． Aiming at the
issue，this paper adopts a dual-loop control strategy with the grid-connected current feedback and the capacitor current feedback to control the grid-connected current，and then designs a novel repetitive controller，which possesses a modified self-adaptive internal model and is plugged in the system． This repetitive controller is combined with the traditional PI control to form a new improved composite control scheme，thus improving the working stability of the LCL filter，minimizing the current harmonic distortion and increasing the performance of the grid-connected inverter． Finally，the feasibility and superiority of the improved scheme are verified by simulations and experiments． Besides，whether the voltage frequency of power systems changes or not，the improved scheme can effectively avoid the resonance of grid currents and can achieve a high in-grid power factor．


Optimization Design of Three-Dimensional Space Vector Pulse-Width Modulation Strategy for Three-Phase Four-Wire System#br#

Wang Yu Liu Xiang Xie Yun-xiang

2015, 43(8):  21-28.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.004

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In this paper，the traditional three-dimensional space vector pulse width modulation (3D-SVPWM) al-
gorithm is deeply analyzed，and it is proved that the traditional algorithm can be simplified． Then，an optimized 3D-SVPWM algorithm is proposed． In comparison with the traditional algorithm，the optimized algorithm becomes extremely simplified and can guarantee the system performance． Moreover，it effectively reduces the complexity and the computation amount，and improves the instantaneity and the stability，which helps to alleviate the software load and thus provides more space for other control algorithms in the system． Finally，the feasibility and superiority of the proposed optimized algorithm are verified through the simulation and experiment in a three-phase four-wire center-spilt shunt active power filter．


Single Closed-Loop Control and Neutral-Point Potential Balance Control of Three-Phase Vienna-Type Rectifier#br#

Ma Hui Xie Yun-xiang

2015, 43(8):  29-34.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.005

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In order to reduce the cost of three-phase Vienna-type rectifiers and improve the efficiency of corresponding control algorithms，a single closed-loop strategy without current sensor is designed． Aiming at the problems of the neutral point voltage unbalance and the complex calculation of the space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM) topology of Vienna-type rectifiers，a simplified equivalent SVPWM technology is proposed based on carrier modulation，which controls the neutral-point potential balance mainly by adding the balance factor into the zero-sequence component． The combination of the single closed-loop control algorithm with the equivalent SVPWM simplifies the design process of the control system，and improves the efficiency of the whole control system． Finally，the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are verified by an experiment．


Evaluation of Voltage Characteristics of Low-Voltage Distribution Network Based on Efficacy Coefficient Method#br#

Ouyang Sen Chen Xin-hui Geng Hong-jie

2015, 43(8):  35-40.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.006

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Effective evaluation of voltage characteristics of low-voltage distribution networks provides the decisionmaking basis and reference for power supply enterprises to screen and manage low-voltage distribution networks． As it is difficult to evaluate and screen the voltage characteristics of large numbers of low-voltage distribution networks，an evaluation method of the voltage characteristics of low-voltage distribution networks is proposed based on the efficacy coefficient method． First，a set of evaluation index system of low-voltage distribution networks is established，which considers the voltage characteristics of all lines，and the evaluation indexes are standardized to become the unified and very large efficacy coefficients． Then，each evaluation index is weighted by means of the order relation-open class weighting method，which embodies the difference among evaluation objects and the experts’will and thus helps
to evaluate and screen voltage characteristics scientifically． Finally，the comprehensive efficacy coefficients of the voltage characteristics of low-voltage distribution networks are calculated，so that the entire evaluation and screening process is completed． A case study shows that the proposed methodis applicable and effective and that it is suitable for guiding the evaluation and screening of the voltage characteristics of low-voltage distribution networks．


An Improved Analytical Method of Generator Aggregation Parameters Based on Structural Constraint#br#

Zhu Lin Li Sha Liu Ping Wu Zhi-gang

2015, 43(8):  41-48.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.007

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Proposed in this paper is an improved analytical method of generator aggregation parameters． This method
first adds a phase shift transformer to a common bus to eliminate the voltage deviation caused by moving coherent generators，and then directly obtains the parameters of the equivalent generating units based on the coefficient matrices structure preservation characteristic of the generator structure and the fact that the sum of the current phasor on every axis of the synchronous planes is equal． This method overcomes the deficiencies of the traditional methods，which depend on the transfer function fitting in the frequency domain or the time domain simulation and thus rely on the setting of working points and the selection of optimization directions． Therefore，the proposed method is more adaptive for generating unitsand can be applied to the on-line calculation．


Energy Storage Configuration to Suppress Voltage Fluctuation in Distribution Networks with Photovoltaic Power#br#

Zhu Ge-lan Liu Ze-huai Liu Wen-ze Zhang Yong-jun

2015, 43(8):  49-54,61.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.008

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Energy storage can suppress the voltage fluctuations caused by photovoltaic (PV) generation． This paper discusses the regulation mechanism of distribution networks with photovoltaic power by means of the energy storage from the viewpoint of avoiding voltage violation and establishes an energy storage need assessment model considering the voltage violation and the variable power flow． It also investigates the energy storage needs under the voltage constraints with different influence factors as well as the voltage regulation effects obtained through the energy storage． Then，the relationships between the energy storage configuration capacity and the influence factors(namely PV capacity，the distance between the partial load and the PV access point，and the distance between the PV access point and the nearby substation) are analyzed by simulations，and the peak load shifting effect of the energy storage on the voltage curve indistribution networks is verified． Meanwhile，the specific energy storage capacity and the configuration recommendations in each case are presented by a Matlab/Simulink simulation．


Calculation and Experimental Analysis of Pumping Performance of a Diaphragm Vacuum Pump#br#

Shangguan Wen-bin Zhang Peng Guo Yi-ming Liu Hong-ci Jiang Kai-hong

2015, 43(8):  55-61.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.009

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A mathematic model for the pumping performance of a diaphragm vacuum pump (DVP) is constructed
in the paper，and the finite element analysis method is used to calculate the change of the working volume，which is a parameter in the mathematic model． Then，by using the proposed model and by means of the finite element simulation，the pumping performance of a DVP is calculated． Finally，the prediction results of the working volume and the pumping performance are compared with the experimental ones． The comparison demonstrates that the proposed methods of calculating the working volume and the pumping performance are effective，and the result precision can meet the engineering requirements． In addition，the proposed methods can precisely predict the pumping performance of products and optimize the design during the process of design and development，which helps to improve the pumping performance and shorten the development cycle．


Automotive Engineering

Investigation into Handling and Stability of 4WD Electric Vehicle Based on Electro-Hydraulic Control#br#

Lan Feng-chong He Xing-fu Sun Da-xu Chen Ji-qing

2015, 43(8):  62-68.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.010

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Aiming at the stability control of two-motor four-wheel driving electric vehicles，this paper adopts the hierarchical control method to coordinate the driving torque of the electric motor on anterior-posterior axis and the hydraulic braking torque，and thus obtains the adjusted yaw moment，so that the vehicle stability is ensured and the driving speed is meanwhile improved． In the upper control system，through the variable-structure synovial control，the longitudinal force and the adjusted yaw moment are obtained to ensure the vehicle stability． Moreover，the index reaching law is designed and the saturation function is used to replace the sign function，so as to achieve the quasisliding mode and attenuate the high-frequency chattering． In the lower control system，the quadratic programming method is employed to achieve an optimal distribution of the electric motor drive torque and the hydraulic braking torque． The whole vehicle and controller models are constructed by combining Avl Cruise，Carsim and Matlab/Simulink，and  corresponding experiments are conducted． Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can
improve the ability of vehicles to track the road，decrease the side slip angle and improve the dynamic response performance of vehicles．


Four-Wheel-Steering/Driving Sliding Mode Control Based on Direct Yaw Moment#br#

Zhao Li-jun Deng Ning-ning Luo Nian-ning Liu Xin-hui

2015, 43(8):  69-74,81.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.011

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Aiming at the steering stability of four-wheel-steering/driving vehicles，an sliding mode variable structure control algorithm is proposed based on the direct yaw moment． First，the relationship between the steering angles of frontand rear wheels is calculated through the Ackermann steering model，and all these angles are also calculated according to the control target of a zero sideslip angle． Then，the sliding mode variable structure control algorithm with the yaw rate and the sideslip angle as the control targets is designed to control the steering angle and driving torque of each wheel． Finally，the stability of the proposed control algorithm is proved by means of the Lyapunov method，and the software Matlab/Simulink is used to analyze the proposed control algorithm． Simulation results show that the proposed control algorithm can maintain the sideslip angle and the yaw rate within ideal ranges，and thus the steering stability of vehicles is effectively improved．


Simulation of Tire-Sand Interactions Based on FEM/DEM

Zhao Chun-lai Zang Meng-yan

2015, 43(8):  75-81.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.012

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In this paper，the basis of the combined finite and discrete element method (FEM/DEM) is introduced，and an adaptive Slave region method is proposed according to the FEM/DEM simulation of tire-sand interactions． Moreover，the three-dimension simulation models of tires running on sand are constructed based on a soil bin experiment with the tire deformation being neglected，where the sand is modeled by using spherical discrete elements，the soil bin and the tires are discretized into hexahedron finite elements． Then，the running behaviors of the smooth and groove tires on sand at different slip ratios are simulated by using the self-developed software CDFP，which is an explicit combined discrete-finite element program． The simulation results of the smooth tire are compared with the corresponding experimental ones，thus verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method． In addition，the comparison of the simulation results (such as road reaction force and tire drawbar pull) of the smooth and groove tires explains the necessity of the grooves of off-road vehicle tires．


Biology Science

Comparison of Working Mechanisms of Hydraulic Damped Bushings and Hydraulic Engine Mounts#br#

Yang Chao-feng Yin Zhi-hong Wu Chuan-yong Shangguan Wen-bin

2015, 43(8):  82-90.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.013

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First，the lumped parameter models of hydraulic bushings and hydraulic engine mounts are established，
and the two hydraulic devices are compared in terms of the continuity equation，the momentum equation and the transfer force equation． Next，by analyzing corresponding equivalent mechanical models，both the equivalent masses of the liquid in inertia channels and the magnification of the damping of the two hydraulic devices are compared． Then，the equations of the pressure and flow response of the two hydraulic devices are derived and compared to interpret the difference in the working mechanisms of the two hydraulic devices． Moreover，under a harmonic excitation，the feature parameter and damping ratio of the two hydraulic devices are extracted and compared．It is found that changing the flexibility parameter of the hydraulic bushings can make the model suitable for the dynamic performance analysis of the hydraulic engine mounts． Finally，the proposed models and the analysis methods are proved to be correct by an experiment．


Automotive Engineering

Investigation into Opening of a Pilot Ｒelief Valve Located in a Semi-Active Damper#br#

Yuan Xian-ju Guo Kong-hui

2015, 43(8):  91-98.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.014

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This paper deals with the influences of the flow force and the viscous force on the final positions of a pilot
valve by means of the CFD method． It describes the high-frequency low-amplitude vibration of the valve in the range of the damper flow and discusses the key factors which cause the pilot valve to keep a steady position and a rapid dynamic response． For the relief valve，the geometrically-nonlinear partial differential equations of the annular plate under the concentrated，partially-distributed and globally-distributed loads are established． Then，it is pointed out that the distribution laws of the concentrated and partially distributed forces can be equivalently described by using the hyperbolic tangent function or the power function． Furthermore，the FEA method is used to analyze the dynamic behavior of the relief valve． Finally，according to relevant mathematic models，CFD results and FEA conclusions，an integrated model is constructed，and the calculated results are compared with the experimental ones． It is found that the
theoretical analysisis consistent with the experimental results and that the theoretical methods are feasible．


Traffic & Transportation Engineering

Pavement Crack Detection Based on Two - Scale Clustering Algorithm and 3D Data#br#

Li Wei Huyan Ju Sha Ai-min Sun Zhao-yun Hao Xue-li

2015, 43(8):  99-105.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.015

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In order to identify the pavement cracks more accurately and efficiently，a kind of two-scale clustering pavement crack recognition method is proposed based on 3D data． First，the 3D data of pavement cracks are pretreated by means of the median filtering and the Otsu threshold segmentation algorithm，and the binary pavement crack images are thus obtained． Next，the irregular pavement crack area is characterized by a regular elliptical crack model as the basic unit，which represents a cluster basis． Then，the two-scale optimization criterion function is used to identify the basic units from the viewpoints of the distance and the angle deviation． Finally，the center of the final position of the cluster is determined based on the lever principle，and the area of the clustered cracks is characterized by using the minimum external ellipse of a complete crack． Moreover，the degree of circularity factors are adopted to judge the types of pavement cracks，and the parameters relevant to the damage extent of the road with reticular cracks are analyzed，which provides reference factors for the quantitative analysis of the road damage extent． The experimental results of the actual pavement cracks show that the proposed method is of a high degree of accuracy in detecting pavement cracks．


Deterioration of Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixture in Salty and Humid Environment#br#

Zhang Ke Zhang Zheng-qi

2015, 43(8):  106-112.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.016

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In pure water as well as 5% and 10% NaCl solutions，three ways of continuous immersion，dry-wet cycles and freeze-thaw cycles were adopted to speed up the corrosion of the asphalt mixture in salty and humid environment． Then，the split test was carried out，and the deterioration of the asphalt mixture performance was evaluated by using the splitting strength and the chloride corrosion factor． Moreover，the effects of anti-stripping agent，fiber and hydrated lime in improving the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture were also investigated． The results show that (1) for the asphalt mixture treated in three different ways，with the increase of the action times，the void ratio increases while the splitting strength decreases; (2) after the asphalt mixture experiences twelve dry-wet cycles or nine freeze-thaw cycles in the chloride solution，the ranges of the void ratio and splitting strength changes both become narrow; (3) the way of dry-wet cycles displays the best performance in embodying the negative effect of the salty and humid environment on the asphalt mixture performance，and it is thus suggested that twelve dry-wet
cycles in 10% NaCl solution should be used to simulate the corrosive effect of the salty and humid environment;and (4) the Basalt fiber achieves the best effect in improving the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture in the salty and humid environment．


Experimental Investigation into Flexural Stiffness of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams under Fatigue Loading#br#

Sun Jun-zu Huang Qiao Ren Yuan

2015, 43(8):  113-118.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.017

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Based on the accelerated corrosion test and the fatigue loading test of thirteen reinforced concrete beam
specimens，the failure mode and flexural stiffness of corroded reinforced concrete (RC) beams under fatigue loads are investigated． The test results show that，after cyclic loading a certain number of times，fatigue failure occurs in all the corroded beam specimens and it is marked by the fatigue fracture of a main reinforcing bar，and that，nofatigue failure occurs in uncorroded specimens after cyclic loading two million times，and the fatigue effect has no substantial influence on the static failure mode and the ultimate bearing capacity of uncorroded RC beams． Moreover，analysis on the flexural stiffness change of corroded ＲC beams under the effect of the fatigue loading indicates that there are two obvious stages，specifically，the flexural stiffness decreases slowly and then tends to be stable．According to the measured data，the stiffness correction coefficients，which take into account the steel bar corrosion and the fatigue effect respectively，are introduced to quantitatively derive the correction formula calculating the flexural stiffness of the corroded RC beams under the fatigue loading，and the formula is then verified by comparing
the calculated values with the measured ones． It is also found that the proposed formula can be used to calculate and evaluate the deflection of corroded ＲC girder bridges under long-term live loads．


Elaborate Compilation of Running Plan of Subways Based on IC Card Data

Zheng Ya-jing Jin Wen-zhou

2015, 43(8):  119-125.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.018

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Based on the passenger flow from IC card data，this paper discusses the way of compiling the running
plan of subways based on IC card data． Then，by analyzing the problems of the traditional OD on the passenger flow of subways，a new method to compile the running plan of subways is proposed． In this new method，the process of the passengers riding the subways is taken full consideration and the data mining technology is used to complete and split the primary data of IC cards，and thus an elaborate compilation of running plan of subways is achieved． Finally，the proposed new method is used to handle the IC card data of subways． It is found that the proposed method is convenient to operate，and in comparison with the traditional methods，it is more adaptive for the needs of describing the actual passenger flow．


Passenger Flow Assignment Model of Subway Networks Under Train Capacity Constraint#br#

Zhou Wei-teng Han Bao-ming

2015, 43(8):  126-134,143.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.019

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The passenger flow assignment of subway networks plays an important role in the operation and management of urban rail transit networks． As the influence of the train capacity constraint on the passenger flow assignment in a schedule-based network is seldom taken into account in relevant literature，this paper constructs a dynamic assignment model of passenger flows under the condition of the stochastic user equilibrium，and designs a solution algorithm by establishing a schedule-expanded network and by designing corresponding k-shortest path search algorithm． Moreover，the congestion and overload delay under the train capacity constraint are also taken into account． Then，the proposed model is verified by a numerical example in Beijing subway networks，and the parameter sensitivity is analyzed． The results show that the proposed model is of a rapid convergence and a higher degree of accuracy with a relative error of 9. 5% ～11. 2%，which can meet the requirements of analyzing and estimating the passenger flow distribution in a large-scalesubway network．


An Improved Method to Analyze Car-Following Behavior Based on Fuzzy Inference System#br#

Qiu Xiao-ping Sun Ｒuo-xiao Yu Dan Yang Da

2015, 43(8):  135-143.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.020

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 In order to establish the car-following fuzzy inference system (FIS) accurately，the fuzzy clustering
analysis method is adopted to divide input and output variables into various fuzzy sets，and the corresponding Gaussian membership function is determined． Then，the Takagi-Sugeno inference method is introduced to conductthe car-following fuzzy inference and the defuzzification． Finally，the fuzzy inference system and the Gippscar-following model are calibrated and evaluated by using NGSIM data． The results show that the improved method to establish the car-following fuzzy inference systemcan truly reflect the characteristics of the data itself and the driver’s psychological and physiological features，and that the established fuzzy inference system achieves a much higher simulation accuracy of error indexes in comparison with the Gipps model．


Application of Finite Point Method to Liquid Sloshing in Tanks

Lu Yu Hu An-kang Liu Ya-chong

2015, 43(8):  144-150.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2015.08.021

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 In recent years，the structural design of liquid cargo ships has been focused on the liquid sloshing in
tanks，which involves the high non-linearity problem related to the large amplitude motion of free liquid surface and therefore causes some difficulties in Euler numerical simulation depending upon spatial topological meshes． In this paper，the liquid sloshing of a tank at different filling ratios is numerically simulated by means of the Lagrangian view-based finite point method (FPM)，and the numerical results are compared with the experimental ones． The results show that when the excitation frequency is consistent with the natural frequency of the tank，the fluid sloshing is severer; and that，at different filling ratios，the fluid in the tank with a high filling ratio will flow with moderate deformations due to the inhibition of bulkheads． Moreover，the FPM can effectively and accurately simulate the violent changes of the liquid sloshing of the tank at different filling ratios under the multi-frequency excitation，and the simulation results accord well with the experimental phenomena． Meanwhile，an impact pressure on the bulkheads is observed and the calculated values obtained through the FPM are consistent with the measured pressure
curves． It is，therefore，found that the FPM performs accurate simulations on the two-dimensional liquid sloshing in the tank under different conditions，which effectively verifies the reliability of the FPM．