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    25 May 2013, Volume 41 Issue 5
    Electronics, Communication & Automation Technology
    He Yue-bang Pei Hai-long Ye Xiang Zhang Qian
    2013, 41(5):  1-8.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.001
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    As the existing unmanned helicopter models are of high order and great load change,a control methodbased on the adaptive dynamic surface approach is proposed.In this method,first,one-order linear filters are usedto estimate the time derivatives of virtual control signals,thus significantly simplifying the design of the controller.Then,an on-line adaptive law is used to estimate the helicopter mass,thus guaranteeing the stability of the closedloopsystem with variable load.Finally,the semi-global uniform bound of tracking errors is proved based on theLyapunov stability theory..Simulated results indicate that the proposed method is effective and feasible.

    Wei Wu Jiang Li Wang Xin-mei
    2013, 41(5):  9-14.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.002
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    In order to remove the drawbacks of the traditional single-threshold segmentation methods,namely heavycomputational burden,low efficiency and incapability of multi-target segmentation,an improved multi-thresholdsegmentation method of the snake-like robot is proposed based on the minimum interclass variance ( MIV) .In thismethod,first,the ROI ( Region of Interest) of the whole image is extracted to effectively reduce the search scopeand hence lighten the computational burden.Then,according to the multi-peak characteristics of histograms,the ROI is divided into multiple sub-regions,and the local optimal thresholds of the sub-regions are obtained by meansof the MIV segmentation.Thus,the multi-threshold segmentation of the joint groups of the snake-like robot issuccessfully implemented.Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is of high segmentation efficiency,good segmentation effect,constant real-time performance,stronger target recognition robustness to light intensitychange and lower sensitivity to gait change.

    Tang Xiao-jun Wang Dao-bo Tang De-zhi Li Meng
    2013, 41(5):  15-21.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.003
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    In this paper,a method that minimizes the 2-norm-type cost function consisted of a set of observed data,namely the virtual reference feedback tuning,is employed to directly design a dual-controller for an unknown system.In this method,the fixed part decomposed from the feedforward controller is combined with the feedback controllerto form a filter,a normal formula of the prediction error identification is derived by re-parameterizing theoriginal input /output relationships,and a separable iterative nonlinear least square method is used to estimate theunknown parameter vectors of the controller.Moreover,the convergence of the proposed algorithm is theoreticallyanalyzed,and the effectiveness of the algorithm is finally verified by simulations.

    Zhang Lei Liao Xin-jiang
    2013, 41(5):  22-27,33.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.004
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    In the presence of high-frequency unmodeled dynamic uncertainty and low-frequency wind disturbance,the conventional PID control algorithm cannot provide high pointing and tracking accuracy for large-diameter antennaservo system.In order to solve this problem,a mixed-sensitivity H_infinity control algorithm based on the sensitivityfunction and the complementary sensitivity function,which possesses high system performance and strongstability,is designed and applied to the antenna servo system.Simulated results indicate that the proposed algorithmnot only significantly improves the dynamic performance of the antenna servo system but also possesses strongdisturbance rejection ability and robustness.

    Zhao Ming-jian Li Bin Wu Zhao-hui
    2013, 41(5):  28-33.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.005
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    Proposed in this paper is a novel high-linearity double-balanced mixer for wireless radio frequency ( R F)systems,which outputs signals without R F signal-related second-order nonlinear term.In this mixer based on a novelmultiplier structure,R F signals are sent to the source and the drain of two symmetrical MOS ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor)transistors in the linear region,and local oscillator ( LO) signals are sent to the grid.Thus,the doublebalancedmixing or multiplying of R F and LO signals are implemented with low complexity. Moreover,the differentialpush-pull amplifier and the source follower are used as the output buffer interfaces,thus improving the isolation betweenthe mixer and the outside circuits,the power gain and the output matching ability.The proposed mixer is fabricatedby 0.18μm CMOS process and is used as a multiplier in ultra-wide band,with an input 1dB compression pointof 2.9 dBm,a third-order intermodulation of 16 dBm and a total power consumption of 25 mW. Test results demonstratethat the proposed mixer is of good performance and meets the requirements of high-performance and high-speedultrawideband wireless communication systems.

    Zhang Feng Wang Zuo-jian Wu Yang Yu Fang Liu Zhong-li
    2013, 41(5):  34-42.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.006
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    The configurable logic block ( CLB) of the existing commercial FPGAs ( Field Programmable GateArrays) comprises not only lookup table ( LUT) but also many assistant logic resources that cannot be fully utilizedby the conventional LUT-based mapping algorithms.In order to solve this problem,a Boolean matching method forpost-mapping resynthesis is proposed based on the Shannon expansion and the DSD ( Disjoint Support Decomposition)algorithm.This method helps to implement the Boolean matching of wide functions of mapped LUTs and reimplementthe wide functions with target FPGA CLB,so as to make full use of all logic resources in CLB and reducethe number of LUTs.From the mapped results generated by state-of-the-art FPGA mapper ABC,it is foundthat the proposed method reduces the number of LUTs respectively by 7.9% for 4-LUT networks and by 7.8% for6-LUT networks while preserving the logic depth.

    Xie Yong-sheng Wang Ming-liang Zhou Lei-lei
    2013, 41(5):  43-47,54.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.007
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    Due to the time-varying characteristics,the channel matrix in the frequency domain of OFDM ( OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplexing) system is approximately banded.Although the receiver window can improve theband-limited characteristics of time-varying channels,the equivalent channel cannot be modeled linearly.In orderto solve this problem,a new windowed-LTV ( Linear Time-Varying) model is proposed,which separates the timevaryingcharacteristics of the receiver window from those of the channel.Moreover,a time-varying channel estimationmethod of the model is investigated,and a simplified algorithm is presented to reduce the computational complexity.Simulated results show that the receiver window reduces the inter-subcarrier interference out of the band ofthe channel,and that,as compared with the traditional OFDM methods,the proposed algorithm brings about a performanceimprovement of 2.5 dB.

    Zhu Hua-hong He Qian-hua Li Yan-xiong Zhang Xue-yuan
    2013, 41(5):  48-54.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.008
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    Biometric templates are vulnerable to various attacks because they involve user’s privacy.In this paper,by combining the defined formalized representation of random projection with the mainstream text-independentspeaker recognition,a template protection method based on random projection is proposed for voiceprint-biometricsystems.In the enrollment stage,voiceprint characteristic data are projected onto a random space,a Gaussian mixturemodel ( GMM) is then constructed,and the corresponding model parameters are stored as a template.In theverification stage,the voiceprint characteristics to be verified are matched with the model base data in the same randomspace.Moreover,the performance and security of the proposed method are theoretically analyzed.Experimentalresults show that suitable dimensionality reduction helps to improve the system security and approximately maintainthe performance of GMM,while the existing vector quantization method may result in a performance degradationof more than 8%,which means that the random projection is more suitable for the template protection of GMMvoiceprint-biometric systems.

    Computer Science & Technology
    Liao Xiu-xiu Han Guo-qiang Wo Yan Chen Xiang-ji
    2013, 41(5):  55-60.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.009
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    Proposed in this paper is a constrained stepwise magnification strategy for the super-resolution image reconstructionbased on the neighbor embedding,which is used to increase the neighborhood-preserving rate and improvethe reconstruction effect.Then,the iterative back-projection constraint is used to modify the magnified imagein each step,which decreases the errors that may occur during the learning procedure and makes the solution of eachstep evolve in a correct direction.Moreover,in order to take full advantage of the information of the test image,ajoint training set is constructed by concatenating the on-line training set learned from the test image and the offlinetraining set learned from the training image database,and is used to further improve the algorithm performance.Experimentalresults show that,as compared with some existing algorithms,the proposed algorithm helps to obtainbetter visual effect and more objective evaluation results.

    Xue Jiang Wang Zhi-yan Cao Xiao-ye
    2013, 41(5):  61-67.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.010
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    In order to solve the problems existing in the application of traditional two-dimension barcode to mobileterminals,a recognition system of Tcode coding and decoding based on embedded system,which consists of encoding,decoding and recognition modules,is developed to simplify the two-dimension barcode.In the investigation,novel coding and mapping schemes for characters with different number are proposed based on the Reed-Solomon algorithm,a partitioning and sliding binarization algorithm based on the sampling threshold is used to keep the anchorpoints,a circle dot filtering with connected region judge is carried out to find the anchor points,and an improvedprojection method is adopted to segment characters. According to the recognition experiments of a variety of samplesfrom different mobile phones,it is found that,with the help of the proposed system,the average correct recognitionrate reaches more than 95% and even 100% with the combination of Reed-Solomon algorithm,and that the proposedsystem is of high efficiency and stability for actual applications with embedded devices.

    Liu Yan-ju Zhang Yong-de Yang Bo
    2013, 41(5):  68-72,79.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.011
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    Before a three-dimension reconstruction,the normal vector should be estimated because it may be unreliabledue to the error of getting point clouds. In this paper,a fuzzy normal vector estimation algorithm for the objectwith any shape is proposed after analyzing the existing estimation algorithms. In this algorithm,first,the k-nearestneighbor value and the curvature of the cloud point data are input into a fuzzy inference system.Next,the pointclouds are classified according to fuzzy inference rules,and the parts with thin or sharp features are distinguishedfrom the point clouds of model and are then estimated with a checker and with the attachment point algorithm.Finally,the proposed algorithm is evaluated by using a denture model with several kinds of point clouds.The resultsshow that the algorithm is of high estimation accuracy,simplicity and feasibility.

    Hu Lian-min Huang Han Cai Zhao-quan
    2013, 41(5):  73-79.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.012
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    The common evolutionary programming ( EP) algorithms are of poor robustness because they perform themutation based on a fixed probability distribution.In this paper,first,the influence of mutation operators on thecomputational efficiency of evolutionary programming algorithms is analyzed,and the essential drawback of Gauss,Cauchy and Lévy mutation operators,namely the lack of heuristic information,is pointed out.Then,a heuristicmutation operator based on the differential information among individuals is designed,which uses the difference betweentwo individuals to update the mutated variables and to provide chances for an individual to maintain its statusquo in some dimensions.With the help of the proposed heuristic mutation operator,evolutionary programming algorithmscan adapt to different continuous optimization problems and the algorithm robustness improves.Numericalexperiments of several Benchmark problems demonstrate that the improved evolutionary programming algorithmbased on heuristic mutation is of higher convergence speed and better average performance than six other evolutionaryalgorithms based on probability distribution.

    Xu Li-fang Mo Hong-wei
    2013, 41(5):  80-86.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.013
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    In order to effectively control the permanent-magnet brushless direct current motor ( BLDCM) inside aflywheel energy storage system,an immune controller based on the Varela immune network is employed to controlmotor speed and torque,and the reference parameters of the immune controller are determined.As compared withconventional PID controllers,the proposed immune controller provides more stable dynamic response of speed controlsignal,effectively reduces the pulsation magnitude of motor torque and well keeps relative periodic stability,which helps to output system current signal with small distortion and approximate trapezoidal waveform,and to obtainadaptive control parameters.It is thus concluded that the controller based on the Varela immune is effective incontrolling flywheel BLDCM.

    Power & Electrical Engineering
    Zhang Xiao-ying Ding Fei Chen Jia-yue
    2013, 41(5):  87-92.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.014
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    In order to deeply investigate the vapor-liquid two-phase boiling heat transfer and flow characteristics inthe secondary circuit of steam generator,the wall heat flux partition in the subcooled boiling region was divided byusing the RPI model for revising the two-fluid model of the CFD ( Computational Fluid Dynamics) program,andsome published experimental results were used to validate the reliability of the revised mode.Moreover,a casestudy on the steam generator of Daya Bay PWR ( Pressurized Water Reactor) nuclear power plant was carried out,in which the subcooled boiling in the preheating part of the secondary circuit was computed with the revised model,and the distributions of fluid void fraction,speed,temperature and heat flux partition in the preheating part were allobtained.

    Ouyang Sen Huang Rui-yi Cheng Xiao-hua
    2013, 41(5):  93-98,118.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.015
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    Effective evaluation methods of power quality are important to the electricity market.In this paper,thesynthesized subjective-objective weight is obtained by using the stepwise scatter degree method,and a comprehensivemodel is constructed to evaluate the power quality of regional power grids.In the investigation,first,a hierarchicaldivision of the large-scale system and the subsystems is performed according to the power quality.Next,anevaluating index system of power quality is designed and the comprehensive evaluating functions of the subsystemsand the large-scale system are established.Then,the synthesized weights of each system are determined by usingthe sequence synthesis method and the stepwise scatter degree method.Finally,the comprehensive power-qualityevaluating values of each subsystem and the large-scale system are calculated by using the comprehensive evaluatingfunctions.The proposed model helps to realize a bottom-up and multi-level comprehensive evaluation of power qualityof regional power grids and obtain comprehensive,particular and objective evaluation results.Case study on apower supply bureau shows that the proposed model is effective.

    Li Feng Zhang Yong-jun Zhang Hao Yang Yin-guo Guan Lin Xu Liang
    2013, 41(5):  99-104.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.016
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    As the reactive power /voltage control mismatch between the upper and the lower power networks may resultin danger and uneconomic power network operation,a model to evaluate the mismatch risk is proposed after analyzingthe concept of mismatch.In this model,a mismatch risk index is constructed by quantizing the high-sidevoltage,the low-side voltage,the available reactive power and the reactive power on power network boundaries.Moreover,a combinatorial analysis system of reactive power /voltage control is developed,which has such functionsas device account managenment,power flow analysis,mismatch risk evaluation and anti-mismatch strategy test.Case study results show that the proposed system is practical and feasible.

    Zheng Dan Wen Fu-shuan
    2013, 41(5):  105-111.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.017
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    With the development of electric vehicles,the impacts of charging and discharging behaviors on the securityand economy of power system are attracting more and more attention.In order to minimize the negative impactsof charging and discharging behaviors,a specific charging mode for better control and management is proposed.In the investigation,first,the operation and charging behaviors of electric buses are analyzed,and the Vehicle-to-Grid technology of electric buses in the battery lease mode is discussed.Then,by simulating the operationof charging stations,an optimization model mixed with charging and discharging strategies is constructed.Finally,by employing the particle swarm optimization,a case study on 3 centralized charging stations is carried out. Simulatedresults verify the advantage and economy of the developed strategy in power system operation.

    Liu Ding-ping Xu Kai-hua Fang Lei
    2013, 41(5):  112-118.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.018
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    Atomizing nozzle is the core component of FGD ( Flue Gas Desulfurization) devices.In order to improvethe desulfurization efficiency,efficient atomization nozzles should be developed.In this paper,by taking air as theatomization medium of limestone slurry and by using a laser particle size analyzer as well as a high-speed digitalcamera,the atomization and flux characteristics of a new-type two-fluid nozzle were experimentally investigated,and the coupling relationships between the flux parameters ( such as air pressure,liquid pressure and limestoneslurry mass concentration) and the atomization parameters ( such as nozzle spray angle,average particle size andparticle uniformity) are revealed.The results indicate that air pressure has greater effect on the atomization characteristicsthan the liquid pressure and the limestone slurry mass concentration,and that the nozzle flow rate,which isinsensitive to the limestone slurry mass concentration,increases with the increase of liquid pressure,but decreaseswith the increase of air pressure.

    Automotive Engineering
    Qu Jie Zhong Wei-bin
    2013, 41(5):  119-124.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.019
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    Different travelling mechanisms have different adaptability and passability in complex and unpredictableground environments.In this paper,by considering the advantages of wheel and track,a new wheel-track transformablewheel,which consists of a diameter-varying wheel rim as well as some track parts and changes its travellingmode according to the ground environment,is proposed.According to the ground environment,the transformablewheel can pass complex terrains either in wheel mode or in track mode without changing the driving mechanism,so that it is of excellent adaptability and passability.Moreover,it is designed in a modular mode and can bedirectly installed in vehicles,just like common inflatable tires.Analysis results of two locomotion modes show that,with the increase of the diameter-varying ratio,the track mode may result in stronger climbing ability and obstacleclimbingcapability than the wheel mode.

    2013, 41(5):  125-130.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.020
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    In order to carry out an optimal design of the dynamic characteristics for accessory drive systems,thenonlinear model of the accessory drive system is linearized via a coordinate transformation,with the equilibriumstate as the reference state.Then,the equations of natural frequency sensitivity to the design parameters of theaccessory drive system are derived via the complex modal analysis.Calculation results of the models before andafter the linearization show that the linearized model is feasible in analyzing the dynamic characteristics.Moreover,the relationships between the tensioner parameters,such as stiffness,installation angle and arm length,and thefirst-order natural frequency of the accessory drive system are investigated. The results indicate that the first-ordernatural frequency is of variable sensitivity to different tensioner parameters and different parameter values,especiallyto the arm length,and that decreasing the arm length is an effective way to reducing the first-order natural frequency.

    Tan Di Luo Yu-tao Ye Zhi-wei
    2013, 41(5):  131-138.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.021
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    In an electric vehicle driven by in-wheel motor,the motor,the wheels and the brake are all embeddedin the wheels.This configuration not only increases the unsprung mass but also results in critical vibration of the inwheelmotor system due to the nonuniform motor air-gap caused by road excitation.In order to solve these problems,based on the novel in-wheel motor topology scheme put forward in their early work,the authors set up a novelvehicle vibration model and derive the frequency response functions of the vehicle riding comfort indexes whichfit varied road unevenness,such as the multi-mass system body acceleration,the relative dynamic tyre load,thedynamic suspension deflection and the relative displacement between the rotor center and the stator center.Finally,the sensitivity analyses of some important structural parameters,such as the total mass of in-wheel motor,the massratio of the stator to the rotor,the bearing stiffness,the rubber bushing stiffness,are carried out to reveal the effectsof the parameters on the vehicle riding comfort indexes.The results show that the rubber bushing damping is thegreatest influence factor of the body acceleration and the suspension working space,with the corresponding sensitivitiesbeing up to 10.33 and 10.21,respectively; that the bearing stiffness is the most sensitive factor of the relativedisplacement between the rotor center and the stator center,with the corresponding sensitivity being up to 12.07;that the total mass of in-wheel motor is the most sensitive factor of the dynamic tyre load,with the sensitivity beingup to 10.49; and that,among all the above-mentioned parameters,the stator-to-rotor mass ratio has the slightesteffect on the vibration response indexes.

    Gao Wei Zang Meng-yan
    2013, 41(5):  139-144.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.05.022
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    In order to simulate the impact fracture process of laminated glass beam,a fracture model suitable for 3Dspherical discrete elements is proposed based on the basic concept of the cohesive model commonly used in the finiteelement method ( FEM) .In this model,the interactions between two discrete elements are divided into threetypes,namely the connection,the cohesion and the contact.When the fraction meets the criterion,the interactionbetween the corresponding discrete elements changes from the connection to the cohesion,and the cohesive tractionis obtained from the opening displacement of the corresponding elements.The constructed model is then implementedin a self-developed discrete element /finite element coupling program CDFP,and the impact fracture process ofthe laminated glass beam is finally simulated.The results show that the simulated fracture mode accords well withthe experimental one,which means that the proposed fracture model and the adopted simulation method are botheffective.

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