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    25 November 2012, Volume 40 Issue 11
    Review & Feature Article
    Yang Jun-mei Yu Hua Wei Gang
    2012, 40(11):  1-12. 
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    As a new statistical processing technique for multidimensional signals recently developing from blind source separation,independent component analysis ( ICA) can recover latent independent sources from measured mixed data according to the basic statistical features of the sources,so that it has been successfully applied to many signal processing-related fields. In this paper,after briefly introducing the basic concept,principle and independent criteria of ICA,the authors put their emphases on the practical applications of ICA to such fields as speech signal processing,image processing and wireless communication,and then,based on their research results,they sum up the research progress and development direction of ICA.

    Feng Jiu-chao Li Guang-ming
    2012, 40(11):  13-18,77. 
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    This paper deals with a new research subject in the fields of nonlinear circuit and chaos,which,according to the power balance theory,performs the harmonic analysis in the condition that every harmonic component must follow the conservation of complex power,and explores the nonlinear oscillation characteristics of dynamic circuits based on the analysis of energy variation. In the investigation,first,the corresponding research achievements are introduced and summarized. Next,the fundamental wave balance analysis method and the primary harmonic balance analysis method are introduced,with their applications being also described. Then,some conclusions are drawn based on the analyses,namely,the periodic solution is inevitably a single fundamental frequency oscillation,the non-single fundamental frequency oscillation is necessary for generating chaos,and the double main harmonic oscillation uncovers the essential attributes of chaos. Finally,some application issues of the power balance theory are discussed.

    Wen Fu-shuan Zhang Yong Zhang Yan Chen Yi-ping Zhou Hua-feng
    2012, 40(11):  19-28. 
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    In recent years,some models have been proposed for the fault section estimation and state identification of unobserved protective relays ( FSE-SIUPR) under the condition of incomplete state information of protective relays. In these models,the temporal alarm information from a faulted power system is not well explored although it is very helpful in compensating the incomplete state information of protective relays,quickly achieving definite fault diagnosis results and evaluating the operating status of protective relays and circuit breakers in complicated fault scenarios. In order to solve this problem,an integrated optimization mathematical model for the FSE-SIUPR,which takes full advantage of the temporal characteristics of alarm messages,is developed in the framework of the wellestablished temporal constraint network. With this model,the fault evolution procedure can be explained and some states of unobserved protective relays identified. The model is then solved by means of the Tabu search ( TS) and finally verified by test results of fault scenarios in a practical power system.

    Wu Hai-zhen Feng Chun-hua Yu Xu-biao Wei Chao-hai
    2012, 40(11):  29-36. 
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    Organic chlorides ( OCs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments,which pose a significant ecological risk. As some of them are persistent organic pollutants,more attention should be paid to their environmental behaviors and control strategies. In this paper,first,the sources of OCs are analyzed in terms of the discharge of chemical wastewater,the production and use of pesticides,the use and residue of polychlorinated biphenyl materials,the
    generation of chlorination by-products,and the formation of dioxins from waste incineration,etc. Next,the pollution situations caused by OCs in water bodies,soils and sediments and the corresponding harm to human health and environment are summarized. Then,the approaches and principles concerning the safe transformation and control of OCs are reviewed in terms of biodegradation,adsorption and enrichment,supercritical catalytic reduction and resource utilization. Finally,the key issues for future studies on organic chloride degradation are discussed.

    Fan Shuan-shi Liu Jian-hui Lang Xue-mei Wang Yan-hong
    2012, 40(11):  37-44. 
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    In this paper,authors overview the research status and the existing problems of gas hydrates,briefly review the development of the their research team. Moreover,the main research fields about hydrates are introduced in terms of science,technology and energy resource,and the research progress made by the team is emphasized,including the hydrate separation( CO2 capture from flue gas,CO2 separation from biogas,air separation) ,the hydrate inhibition and prevention ( the inhibition mechanism of low dose hydrate inhibitor,new kinetic hydrate inhibitor development and production,fields experiments) ,the energy gas-storage materials( hydrogen storage and methane storage) and their applications,the molecular simulation of hydrates and the calculation about hydrates. The research direction in these above-mentioned fields is also pointed out in the end.

    Mechanical Engineering
    Qiu Zhi-cheng Ling De-fang
    2012, 40(11):  45-51. 
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    This paper deals with the measurement and control of the bending and torsional mode vibrations for flexible cantilever plates,and performs the optimal placement and nonlinear vibration control of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. In the investigation,first,a finite element model of a cantilever plate with bonded distributed piezoelectric patches is established. Next,the location placement of piezoelectric sensors /actuators is performed based on the established model and an energy dissipation method,and the decoupling of the bending and torsional mode vibrations on measurement and driving is achieved. Then,a nonlinear control algorithm is proposed and an experimental setup of the piezoelectric cantilever plate is constructed. Finally,a comparative research on the bending and torsional vibration control is carried out by experiments. The results demonstrate that the proposed nonlinear control algorithm can suppress the vibration of the cantilever plate more quickly,and the location placement of piezoelectric sensors /actuators helps to achieve the measurement and control decoupling of bending and torsional mode vibrations.

    Zhang Qing-hua Zhang Xian-min
    2012, 40(11):  52-57. 
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    In this paper,first,a flexible link is transformed into several discrete beam elements by means of the finite element method. Then,the elastodynamic models of planar 3-RRR and 3-PRR flexible parallel robots are established based on the floating coordinate system and the Lagrange equation,in which the lumped mass and the lumped moment of inertia of each joint and the moving platform,along with the Coriolis inertia forces and the centrifugal forces of rigid motion,are taken into consideration. With these models,the dynamic characteristics of the two above-mentioned robot systems,including the natural frequency,the elastic displacement and angle of the moving platform as well as the maximum stress of each flexible link,are compared. The results indicate that the dynamic performance of planer 3-RRR robot is superior to that of 3-PRR robot with the same parameters. The findings build up a theoretical foundation for the type selection of planar full 3-DOF flexible parallel robots.

    Liang Jing-lun Zhang Xian-min Mo Jing-hui
    2012, 40(11):  58-64. 
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    Proposed in this paper is an improved method of error modeling and kinematic calibration for a special 3-DOF planar parallel alignment platform for screen printing. In the investigation,first,based on the characteristics of planar alignment mechanisms,the mapping relationship between the errors of position and orientation and the errors of geometric parameters is derived by using the vector method and the analytical method. Next,the Jacobin error matrix is obtained. Then,the influences of all geometric error sources of the mechanism on the terminal pose errors are estimated via the sensitivity analysis. Moreover,the main error sources of geometric parameters to be calibrated are determined through an identification analysis,and several configurations are selected to construct a matrix for the error identification of geometric parameters through Matlab simulation,with a difference between the identified and the assumed values,which is less than 5%,being obtained. Finally,a calibration experiment is carried out by using a dual-frequency laser interferometer and a dial indicator,and the results verify the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed calibration method.

    Zhang Qing-gong Yao Jin Li Hua Jiang Zheng-mao
    2012, 40(11):  65-70. 
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    As the existing continuously variable transmissions ( CVTs) cannot transmit high torque,first,a design scheme with input coupled type for transmitting high torque is put forward. Then,the connection modes of the 2K-H type differential gear train and the double-row differential gear train with the fixed-axis gear train and with the input axis are analyzed. By using the input power-distributing ratio as an evaluation index,it is found that,as compared with the 2K-H type differential gear train,the double-row differential gear train is of larger interval of input power-distributing ratio and more compact structure. According to these findings,a novel CVT mechanism is designed,which is composed of a dual-cavity half-toroidal continuously variable unit,a fixed-axis gear train and a double-row differential gear train in a closed loop. Moreover,the performance indexes describing the torque transmission of the novel CVT,namely the split ratio of input torque and the ratio of output torque to input torque,are derived,and the variation trends of the transmission ratios of the fixed-axis gear train and the shifting mechanism of the double-row differential gear train,which benefit the high torque output of the novel CVT,are discussed. Finally,the correctness of the variation trends of the two transmission ratios is confirmed by numerical examples.

    Wang Xiu-gang Su Jian Cao Xiao-ning Xu Guan Wang Xing
    2012, 40(11):  71-77. 
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    This paper deals with the 3-axis rotational inertia of bogie,an important parameter evaluating the running performance of vehicles. In the investigation,first,according to the structure characteristics of the test bench of bogie parameters,a vibration theory-based method to test the 3-axis rotational inertia is put forward,and the corresponding test models are constructed. Next,in order to well control the actuators during the test of rotational inertia,an inverse displacement analysis model of the simulation platform is established based on the Euler angle and the vector norm. Then,in the Simulink environment,the inverse displacement of the platform during the test of rotational inertia around the X axis is resolved in real time. Finally,the relation curve of actuator’expansion amount versus time is obtained. Simulation results indicate that the proposed computing model of inverse displacement is correct.

    Wang Qing-hui Zhang Xiao-ming Zheng Xu Huang Xiang Li Jing-rong
    2012, 40(11):  78-83. 
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    In this paper,the microtopography of metal surfaces machined via the micro-ploughing is analyzed by combining the evaluation methods of roughness and fractal dimension. Then,the topographical features of micro groove surfaces and the effects of machining parameters on these features are investigated. The results show that the distributions of fractal dimension and roughness of contour profiles in different positions on the micro-ploughing groove surfaces are subject to some specific statistical laws,that there is a relatively strong positive correlation between the average fractal dimension and the average roughness,and that,in a certain range of manufacturing parameters,an increasing groove depth and a decreasing machining feed may cause an increase in average fractal dimension and roughness. In addition,based on the experimental investigation,some digital models are constructed with an improved W-M fractal function to describe the micro-ploughing groove surfaces with specific topographical features,which are beneficial to the initiative design and simulation of functional surface structures fabricated via micro-ploughing.

    Wang Hui-feng Li Yun-long Li Ji-ke
    2012, 40(11):  84-88,93. 
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    In order to realize the real-time and on-line state monitoring of the high-frequency electric resistance welding ( HF-ERW) ,according to the analytical results of various welding phenomena as well as the welding defects and their causes,an automatic monitoring method based on the high-speed CCD imaging and the digital image processing is proposed. In this method,digital images of the welding region are obtained by using a CCD camera set on a fixed location above the welding region,and the parameters,such as the characteristic heating area,the value of V-type angle,the location of welding bond point and the symmetry degree of the heating region,are measured and processed through a multi-characteristic fusion,thus revealing the current welding state. Moreover,during the image processing,a new segmentation algorithm based on R-G-B non-equilibrium anti-interference technology is employed,the V-type angle detection and the corresponding bisection algorithm based on line fitting are adopted,a function to evaluate the symmetry degree of the heating region is designed,and a multi-characteristic fusion model based on BP neural network is established. Field test results show that the proposed method helps to effectively monitor the state of HF-ERW and control the welding quality.

    Nan JIANG Guo-xuan CHEN Zhao-Feng LI
    2012, 40(11):  89-93. 
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    Through the tensile tests of specimens and the finite element simulations of cylinder vessels,the effects of loading path and pre-strain quantity on the plastic instability pressure of strain-strengthening vessels were analyzed. The results indicate that the loading path has no obvious effect on the ultimate bearing capacity of the specimens and the pressure vessels,and that,though different pre-strain quantities make vessels produce plastic deformations to variable degrees,the material reinforcing effect may make up for the impact of vessel size change to a certain extent. Thus,only a slightly-decreased plastic instability load of the cylinder vessels is observed. Moreover,it is found that,at a diameter ratio of 1. 02 ~1. 10 for thin-wall vessels,the wall thickness has little influence on the decrease of plastic instability pressure. Considering the change of both the geometric shape of vessels and the stress-strain curve after the hardening,the strain hardening ranging from 4% to 12% may result in a decrease of the minimum safety margin from conventional 4. 76 to 2.21,which meets the demand for the minimum safety margin set by international standards,thus concluding that the vessels after strain hardening are still of relatively high strength margin.

    Power & Electrical Engineering
    Zhang Zhi-guo Xie Yun-xiang Yuan Zhao-mei
    2012, 40(11):  94-100. 
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    In order to improve the input /output performance of the series-parallel LCC resonant converter with capacitive output filter,first,a steady-state mathematical model of the LCC resonant circuit is established by using the dynamic phasor based on the Fourier series,and the corresponding equivalent circuit is obtained. Then,the mathematical expressions to describe the input /output performance are deduced based on the equivalent circuit. Finally,a Pareto-based multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed to optimize the input /output performance. By adopting the fine-grained fitness assignment strategy with density estimation and by minimizing the objective functions,the algorithm helps to achieve massive and well-distributed optimal solutions for circuit design. Simulated and experimental results indicate that the proposed optimization method is correct,

    Tang Zhi-de Zhang Xiao-bin Wang Guan-tao Xie Xiao-hui
    2012, 40(11):  101-106,112. 
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    In order to overcome the mismatching of the short lifespan of electrolytic capacitor in power supply to the long lifespan of high-power LED,an active ripple compensation circuit was proposed as the replacement of the traditional electrolytic capacitor filter. In the investigation,first,a Buck converter with slope compensation in peak current control mode was chosen as the main circuit and the corresponding current-loop transfer function was established. Next,the current loop stability with different slope compensations was discussed by analyzing the amplitudefrequency and the phase-frequency responses. Then,a prototype circuit of the LED Buck power supply with active ripple compensation in peak current control mode was designed. Finally,simulations and experiments were carried out to verify the correctness and reliability of the proposed circuit topology.

    Jiang Jin-liang Yuan Jin-jing Ouyang Sen
    2012, 40(11):  107-112. 
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    In order to improve the accuracy of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of power quality and to contact and quantify each grades of the power quality index,the membership function employed in the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is analyzed,and an improved membership function is proposed to quantify the fuzzy characteristics that reflect the grades of the power quality index. In the investigation,first,the weight of the power quality index,the index limit for determining the parameters of the membership function and the division of quality grades are all analyzed. Then,the traditional ridge-shaped function is improved to construct an improved membership function based on the quality grades,and the fuzzy models of power quality indexes are established. The proposed method is finally applied to the evaluation of power quality of a regional power grid,with its practicability and effectiveness being verified by the results.

    Ma Yi-wei Yang Ping Wu Jie Zhou Shao-xiong
    2012, 40(11):  113-120. 
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    In order to improve the comprehensive benefit,including the reliability and the economy,of the standalone distributed generation system ( DGS) using hybrid renewable energy,an optimal design scheme based on the combination of wind,PV ( photovoltaic) and biogas resources is proposed. In the investigation,the characteristics of the three above-mentioned renewable energy resources,the main comprehensive efficiency index and the operational conditions of the generation system are all analyzed,and the structure of the DGS is designed. Moreover,the power mo-dels of the three kinds of energy resources,3 types of optimization objective models and the global optimization model of the system are established,and a coordinated control strategy of the generation system is finally presented. Simulation results show that the proposed optimal design scheme is effective and can acquire great comprehensive benefit for meeting the demand of dynamic load.

    Traffic & Transportation Engineering
    Wang Duan-yi Li Kan Cai Xu
    2012, 40(11):  121-126,154. 
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    In this paper,first,the number of contact points and the inclination of coarse aggregates were analyzed by means of the digital image technology. Next,the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures AC-13F,AC-13C and SMA-13 added with different kinds of asphalts was evaluated by using an asphalt pavement analyzer. Then,an evaluation model of rut depth was established,with the number of initial contact points of the coarse aggregates and the softening point of asphalt as the variables. Finally,the optimal and the minimum numbers of contact points were respectively determined for the gradation selection. The results indicate that the high-temperature stability of asphalt mixtures can be evaluated with the initial amount of contact points and the variation of inclination,that the performance of asphalt mainly influences the variations of the contact points and the inclination,and that the introduction of contact point number in the mixture design as a reference for gradation selection helps to improve the rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures.

    Jiang Wei Sha Ai-min Xiao Jing-jing Wang Zhen-jun
    2012, 40(11):  127-132. 
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    In order to make a gradation selection and optimization of porous asphalt mixtures,first,a mechanical model to describe the skeleton structure of coarse aggregates was established based on the discrete element method. Then,some virtual tests of PAC-13 mixtures with similar air voids rather than different gradations were carried out. The simulation results were finally verified through the tests for CBR,the rutting resistance,the shear,the raveling and the split of coarse aggregates in laboratory. Test results indicate that there exist considerable differences in mechanical properties,high-temperature stability and anti-raveling performance among the PAC-13 mixtures with similar air voids rather than different gradations,that the PAC-13 mixtures with larger coarseness,namely the mixtures with higher content ratio of 9. 5 ~ 16 mm particles to 4.75 ~ 9.5 mm particles,are of better high-temperature performance,while those with smaller coarseness are of better anti-raveling performance,and that the optimal coarseness ranges from 0.8 to 1.1. After the gradation optimization of porous asphalt mixtures according to the optimal coarseness,the content of mineral aggregates passing 9.5 mm sieve decreases from regularly-used 60% ~ 80% to 56% ~ 68%,and the mechanical properties of the coarse aggregate skeleton and the rutting resistance of the mixture both greatly improve.

    Yu Jiang-miao Charles Lee Chen Lei-lei
    2012, 40(11):  133-137. 
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    In order to explore an economic and effective approach to asphalt pavement maintenance and to reduce the maintenance cost,a life-cycle economic evaluation of the preventive maintenance practice on asphalt pavement is carried out. In the investigation,first,with the help of survival models,the pavement observation data from the California Department of Transportation are used to develop the life-cycle performance models for preventive asphalt pavement treatments specially for cracking distress. Then,a performance-cost model of the pavement is established based on the probability analysis. Finally,the economy of preventive maintenance under different failure criteria is analyzed and is compared with that of corrective maintenance. The results indicate that,in the life cycle of the detected pavement,the continuous preventive maintenance averagely saves the cost by 27% as compared with the corrective maintenance,that an average cost saving of 17% can be achieved when two preventive maintenance actions are coupled with one corrective maintenance action,and that more saving can be achieved by applying preventive maintenance at earlier stages of pavement distress.

    2012, 40(11):  138-146. 
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    In order to meet the practical demands for urban traffic management and control,the macroscopic traffic status of the West Third Ring Road network in Beijing as well as the corresponding time-varying characteristics and influencing factors is investigated based on the macroscopic fundamental diagram ( MFD) model of traffic flow and the monitored and simulated traffic data. In the investigation,first,the definition and vector algorithm of the MFD model are introduced. Next,the traffic-flow characteristic parameters of the network are calibrated based on the Van Aerde model. Then,the flow-density distributions in different periods are comparatively analyzed,and a hysteresis phenomenon of macroscopic traffic flow is derived. Moreover,the root cause of the macroscopic traffic status,namely the nonhomogeneous traffic density distribution in the network,is revealed. Finally,the effects of network structure,traffic demand and travel route on the traffic density distribution,the macroscopic traffic status and the traffic evolution of the network are analyzed through an Integration simulation. The results provide supports for the decision of macroscopic traffic control methods and congestion mitigation strategies.

    Wu Wei-tiao Jin Wen-zhou Wei Ming Sun De-qiang
    2012, 40(11):  147-154. 
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    In this paper,by using a single bus line as the research objective and by adjusting the bus frequency in different passenger flow sections,a mixed scheduling model is established to simultaneously optimize the frequency of full-length and zonal vehicles as well as the short-turning location of zonal vehicles,with the total social benefit as the optimization objective. Next,the cost of the proposed mixed scheduling method is compared with that of the optimized single scheduling method. Then,the relationship among the frequency,the short-turning location and the cost is analyzed,and the boundary conditions for implementing the mixed scheduling are determined. Finally,a numerical example is cited to verify the proposed model,and the corresponding sensitivity analysis is carried out. The results indicate that,as compared with the single scheduling,the mixed scheduling is more effective in reducing the system cost in the condition of unbalanced passenger flow distribution,especially in more obvious unbalanced condition,and that the system cost can be reduced by reasonably allocating vehicle operation form when travel demand improves.

    Wang Chao Cheng Xiang-ru Chang Xin Huang Sheng
    2012, 40(11):  155-160. 
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    In order to reveal the hydrodynamic performance of the hydrofoil with suction synergism,a parametric study is conducted with the software of Fluent,in which a symmetrical NACA0012 airfoil is selected and the kω-SST turbulence model is utilized. The results show that the setting of suction inlets improves the hydrodynamic performance of the hydrofoil,and that,with the increase in suction inlet number,the lift coefficient decreases,while the drag coefficient first decreases and then increases,which means that there exists an optimal lift-to-drag ratio. Moreover,it is found that the lift coefficient decreases and the hydrodynamic performance degrades with the increase of the distance between two suction inlets,that the lift coefficient increases and the drag coefficient decreases with the retropulsion of suction inlets,thus improving the hydrodynamic performance,and that the lift coefficient,the drag coefficient and the lift-to-drag ratio all fluctuate with the widening of suction inlets.

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