In 2021, China’s national carbon market was officially opened, and the power generation industry was first included in the national unified carbon emission trading market. In this context, accurate, objective, real-time and credible carbon emission data is an important basis for the efficient operation of the carbon trading market. Carbon accounting method and online monitoring method are two commonly used carbon emission measurement methods in the world. This paper firstly reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods. The accounting method is a common method in China, and it has the advantages of wide application scope and unified accounting standards. However, there are some problems, such as complex processing process, poor timeliness, and sampling process vulnerable to human factors. On-line monitoring method has been widely concerned because of its advantages of good timeliness, high degree of automation and data not affected by human factors. However, there are still many problems in the application of online monitoring method in China. Firstly, there is no corresponding support system; secondly, the data quality of the online monitoring method cannot be guaranteed, and the comparability with the accounting method is also controversial. The biggest factors affecting the data quality are CO₂ concentration monitoring technology and flue gas flow monitoring technology; thirdly, the accuracy of flue gas flow monitoring remains to be studied. Then, the data quality improvement and evaluation method of on-line monitoring method were analyzed and summarized. It is considered that the detection accuracy of CO₂ concentration in power plant can reach a good level, while the accuracy of flue gas flow monitoring has not yet reached a unified conclusion. Its monitoring technology and measuring point layout will affect its field application. It is imperative to develop a flue flowmeter with independent intellectual property rights, wide application range and high precision for China’s accurate carbon verification cause. The quality evaluation of online monitoring data can be quantified by uncertainty. Finally, the following suggestions were put forward: first, to set up different carbon emissions online monitoring pilot and select different types and capacity of the unit for the studies. According to the specific conditions of the site, different flowmeters should be installed for comparative analysis to explore more suitable flowmeter types and site measurement point layout. Second, to establish an uncertainty analysis model for online monitoring of carbon emissions, to quantitatively analyze the factors that introduce greater uncertainty, and to improve the data evaluation system. Third, to construct a comprehensive comparison system of carbon emission online monitoring data and verification data. If the online monitoring method and the accounting method coexist in the carbon market, it is necessary to ensure the consistency of different data and the fairness of the carbon market. Fourth, to establish a supporting mechanism for a continuous online monitoring system for carbon emissions as soon as possible, and to establish corresponding national standards to ensure that the report data is based on evidence.

In order to improve the performance of the integrated micro-channel heat exchanger, this study established the steady-state heat transfer model of an integrated micro-channel heat exchanger, and studied the influence law of the structural parameters and operation parameters on it. The integrated micro-channel heat exchanger used R245fa as working medium. It studied the effects of heat exchanger and heat exchanger heat pipe spacing on the total thermal resistance and air-side pressure drop of the system by using the model, which was verified by experiments previously. The results show that when the evaporation section air volume of the integrated micro-channel heat exchanger is 0.41 m³/s, condensing section air volume is 0.21 m³/s and the total thermal resistance of the heat exchanger system is 0.038 0 m²·K/W. With the increase of circulating air volume in the condensing section and the evaporation section, the air-side pressure drop of the micro-channel heat exchanger increases, and the total thermal resistance decreases. The downtrend of the total thermal resistance of the micro-channel heat exchanger decreases gradually with the increase of air volume. In scope of this research, it is concluded that the appropriate air volume in the evaporation section is 0.45 m³/s, and that in the condensation section is 0.69 m³/s. With the increase of the integrated micro-channel heat exchanger heat pipe spacing, the total thermal resistance of the micro-channel heat exchanger increases, and the air-side pressure drop of the micro-channel heat exchanger decreases in the evaporation section. When the heat exchanger heat pipe spacing is 6 mm, the comprehensive performance of the integrated micro-channel heat exchanger is the best. The research results provide a reference for the design of cooling equipment for communication base stations and the optimization of the structure and control parameters of the micro-channel heat exchanger.

This paper established the nonlinear equivalent circuit model and nonlinear mathematical model of the fractional-order Cuk converter operating in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM), and obtained the equivalent mathematical model by using the equivalent small parameter (ESP) symbolic analysis method. Then, based on the principle of harmonic balance, it iteratively obtained the transient and steady-state approximate periodic solutions of the transients and steady-state variables of the transformer state variables. Furthermore, it analyzed the influence of fractional inductance and capacitance on the DC operating point and periodic declosing orbit and ripple component of the state variable, and the accuracy of the transient solution and steady-state solution of the state variable obtained by the proposed method was verified by simulation. Finally, an experimental verification was carried out on a fractional-order Cuk converter with an inductor and capacitor order of 0.9. The settling times of the state variables (output voltage and inductor current) obtained by the experiment and the method are 1.56 ms and 1.52 ms, the average output voltage is 2.110 V and 2.959 V, the peak ripple voltage is 96 mV and 109 mV, the average inductor current is 0.112 A and 0.148 A, and the peak ripple current is 52 mA and 59 mA, respectively. It can be seen that for the transient and steady-state characteristics of state variables, the results obtained in the method and experiments are relatively close. The study further verified the effectiveness of the method and the accuracy of the transient and steady-state solutions of the obtained state variables. The steady-state period solution of the fractional-order converter obtained in this method is related to the order of the fractional energy storage element, so it can be used to analyze the influence of fractional-order on circuit characteristics. In addition, the stability of the converter system can also be analyzed according to obtained analytical expression of obtained steady-state solution.

Lilac-based lignin is an important lignin. Most of the natural lignins are connected through β-O- 4 bonds to form a reticular structure. β-O- 4-type lilac-based lignin dimeric modulators are closer to the actual lilac-based lignin structure, as multiple methoxy groups were added to it on the basis of the modulators studied by the previous researchers. In the Dmol³ module of the software Materials Studio 2019, the pyrolysis reaction paths of β-O- 4 lilac-based lignin dimer modulators were simulated based on the density flooding theory using the B3LYP hybridization flooding at 875 K and 101 kPa. The enthalpy values of the reactants and products were calculated for each step of the reaction, and the frequency analysis was carried out by the Vibration Analysis module to confirm that there were only real frequencies and no imaginary frequencies; the enthalpy change of each step of the reaction was calculated and the total enthalpy change of the reaction paths was compared. The smaller the total enthalpy change was, the easier the paths were to take place thermodynamically, and then the more advantageous reaction paths were obtained to get the pyrolysis products of the corresponding paths finally. The results show that the initial pyrolysis of β-O- 4 lilac-based lignin dimer modulators at 875 K and 101 kPa is more likely to involve the breakage of the C _α —C _β bond and the β-O- 4 bond, among which the breakage of the β-O- 4 bond is the most likely to occur. The more favorable reaction paths include R4 with a total enthalpy change of -59.65 kJ/mol, R10 with a total enthalpy change of -219.44 kJ/mol, R12 with a total enthalpy change of -14.93 kJ/mol, R21 with a total enthalpy change of -389.29 kJ/mol, R23 with a total enthalpy change of -466.24 kJ/mol, and R24 with a total enthalpy change of -276.72 kJ/mol, with the most favorable paths being R21, R23 and R24.The main products of pyrolysis are o-benzenetriol, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzyl alcohol, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde and ethanol, among which o-benzenetriol, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzyl alcohol and ethanol are the pyrolysis products of R21, R23 and R24. The simulation results obtained in this study can lay the foundation for further simulation calculations for generating biomass coke.

Aiming at the problems of long optimization cycle and mechanical repetition of the optimization process for large-diameter natural gas pipeline valves at home and abroad, this paper proposed a method for optimizing the profile of axial flow control valves using Kriging surrogate model combined with NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm. Taking the DN600 axial flow regulating valve as the research object, after preliminary evaluation of its performance by Fluent and ANSYS software, it selected the flow value, maximum stress level and maximum deformation as the optimization goals. First, the B-spline curve was used to analyze the valve body type. By changing the coordinates of the control points, the parameterization of the valve body profile could be realized, and the automatic modeling of the valve body profile could be realized. The Latin hypercube sampling method was used to design 100 types of profiles, and the structural optimization sample library was obtained through numerical simulation. Kriging surrogate model for an axial flow control valve was established. Then, the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm was used to optimize the surrogate model to obtain the Pareto front solution set, and the optimal profile was determined by studying the front solutions of the three profiles and the velocity and pressure variation curves of the horizontal section inside the initial profile. The opening-resistance characteristics, flow-resistance characteristics and internal flow of the pipeline behind the valve were studied before and after optimization. The research results show that the optimized profile flow value increased by 9.2%, the maximum stress level decreased by 8.46%, and the maximum deformation is reduced by 6.2%, the fluid resistance is reduced after optimization, and the influence distance of high-speed flow in the pipeline after optimization is reduced. The performance improvement of the optimized profile proves the effectiveness of the profile optimization method and reveals the potential of the method in the field of valve profile structure optimization.

This study took a multi-component composed of high volatility ethanol and low volatility hydrogenated biodiesel and diesel as the research object and investigated the internal vapor bubble dynamics and evaporation characteristics of the individual droplet at high temperatures. The evaporation characteristics of droplet normalized square diameter and droplet lifetime of the blends of hydrogenated biodiesel, ethanol, and diesel were captured by means of the hanging droplet method and high-speed microscopic imaging in a constant temperature heating furnace. The results show that at 773 K, the evaporation is smooth and the droplet volume decreases uniformly. However, at 973 K, tiny bubbles start to form inside the droplet at 0.093 s and gradually increase in size. Tiny bubbles were formed again at 0.767 s and the second rupture occurs at 0.907 s. The rise in ambient temperature contributes to increasing the evaporation rate of fuel droplets and intensifies the micro explosion during evaporation and shortens the evaporation of droplets to a certain extent; the growth of bubbles inside the droplet during evaporation is related to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability at the vapor-liquid interface, and surface tension phenomenon is observed on the surface of droplets. Compared to diesel, the inhibition effect of evaporation is stronger with the increase of hydrogenated biodiesel in binary fuels and compared with binary fuels, ethanol in ternary fuels promotes micro explosions and shortens droplet evaporation. The droplet evaporation of the ternary fuel shows three typical characteristic stages in the order of ethanol domination, ethanol and diesel co-domination and co-evaporation of all three.

Mooring system is a key factor affecting the dynamic response of a floating wind turbine, and it is related to the safety and efficiency of the wind turbine system. To study the effect of different mooring systems on the dynamic response of floating wind turbines, this paper took a new type reduced-draft floating foundation as the research object. Based on the feature of large reserve buoyancy, two different mooring systems, namely the catenary lines and the tension legs, were used for positioning the 5 MW floating offshore wind turbines. The turbine-buoy-mooring coupled numerical model was established. The aerodynamic load was calculated based on the blade element momentum theory, the hydrodynamic load was calculated by the potential flow theory, and the tensions in the two kinds of mooring lines were calculated by the three-dimensional finite element dynamic model. Based on this coupled numerical model, the dynamic responses of two kinds of floating wind turbines under the operating state were simulated in the time domain. By comparing the results, it shows that under the rated operating sea conditions and compared with the catenary mooring system, the mean of surge motion of the floating wind turbine with the tension leg mooring system is reduced by 0.7 m, the amplitude of heave motion is reduced by 39%, and the mean and amplitude of pitch motion are reduced significantly. The floating wind turbine with the tension leg mooring system has better motion performance, but its mean and amplitude of the tension in the mooring lines are larger, and the variation amplitude of the output power and the tip deformation of the wind turbine are also more significant. Therefore, for the new floating foundation proposed in this work, the wind turbine with tension legs has better motion performance, but its mooring safety and power generation efficiency are not as good as the turbine with catenary mooring lines.

This paper used Fe₃O₄/water magnetic nanofluid and magnetic field to improve the convective heat transfer performance of shell side of shell and tube heat exchanger. Through three-dimensional numerical simulation, this paper analyzed the effects of magnetic nanofluid volume fraction, flow rate and magnetic induction intensity on the convective heat transfer performance of shell and tube heat exchanger. The results show that the heat transfer rate and strengthening effect of the heat exchanger can be improved due to the thermal conductivity and Brownian motion of the nanoparticles, but when the volume fraction is greater than 1%, the improvement will gradually decrease and the efficiency evaluation coefficient will also decrease. Compared with other performance enhancement techniques, the effect of magnetic field on magnetic nanofluid can significantly improve the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger with little increase in pressure drop. Compared with the condition without magnetic nanofluid and magnetic field, the heat transfer rate can be increased by up to 68.2%, while the pressure drop only increases by 13.8%. Compared with the condition with magnetic nanofluid but without magnetic field, the heat transfer rate can be increased by up to 46.7% and the pressure drop only increases by 1.96%. The high thermal conductivity of magnetic nanoparticles and Brownian motion effect, as well as the inner to outer swirling flow driven by magnetic nanofluids under the action of vertical uniform magnetic field, aggravate the disturbance of thermal boundary layer and the mixing of hot and cold fluids, and this is the main reason for the increase of convective heat transfer performance. And the greater the magnetic induction intensity is, the lower the fluid flow rate is, and the more significant the influence of the magnetic field on the fluid is.

LaCl₃ is one of the most promising hydrated salt thermochemical heat storage materials, and its reaction kinetics plays a crucial role in the study of its reaction characteristics. The study tested the reaction characteristics of dehydration and adsorption of LaCl₃ by experiments and analyzed the reaction kinetics mechanism. The dehydration process of LaCl₃·7H₂O at the heating rates of 1, 10 and 20 K/min was tested by a synchronous thermal analyzer. The results show that the dehydration process of LaCl₃·7H₂O can be divided into three stages, where 4,2 and 1 water molecules are removed respectively.The initial temperature of each stage is different at different heating rates. The activation energy value of three stages was calculated by FWO method and the activation energy of the first stage was the largest. The Doyle method was used to solve the mechanism functions of each stage, in which the first stage conforms to the shrinking cylinder model in the phase boundary reaction, while the second and the third stage conformed to the random nucleation and subsequent growth model. The adsorption process of LaCl₃ was tested at the temperature of 15, 20, 25, 30 ℃ and at the relative humidity of 40%, 60%, 80% by a constant temperature and humidity chamber. The adsorption reaction rate of LaCl₃ is positively correlated with the temperature and humidity. When the relative humidity is 40%, LaCl₃ does not decompose. The reaction rate of LaCl₃ is faster in the initial stage of the adsorption process. As the adsorption process proceeds, LaCl₃·nH₂O crystals formed on the surface restricts the contact between LaCl₃ and water vapor. The kinetic equation of LaCl₃ adsorption reaction was fitted, the adsorption process of LaCl₃ conformed to the chemical reaction series model, and the reaction order was 0.837. The results show that LaCl₃ has good chemical kinetics and high heat release, and is a potential chemical thermal storage material.

In order to study the effect of thermal ratcheting on the thermal deformation and sealing performance of the triple eccentric metal hard seal butterfly valve, this paper firstly excluded the possibility of plastic collapse failure of the butterfly valve and fatigue failure of the sealing structure under several alternating cyclic loads at room temperature and high temperature. ANSYS Workbench finite element analysis software was adopted to study the thermal ratcheting effect of the triple eccentric metal hard seated under alternating cyclic loading at room and elevated temperature, and ten times of temperature cyclic loading analysis were performed on the butterfly valve based on Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model. The results show that the maximum temperature difference between the inner ring surface of the valve seat and the outer wall of the valve body is about 60 ℃ under high temperature conditions. After the temperature is reduced to room temperature, the maximum plastic strain of the valve seat increases with the increase of cycle times. The maximum plastic strain of the valve seat after 10 temperature cycles is 0.021 16, and the thermal ratcheting effect occurs under the action of temperature cyclic load. After the fifth temperature alternating cycle, the maximum radial deformation of the valve seat and the sealing ring is 0.284 4 mm and 0.275 3 mm respectively. The maximum radial deformation of the valve seat is greater than that of the sealing ring. The residual deformation of the valve seat leads to the gap of the sealing surface, which proves that the sealing failure of the triple eccentric butterfly valve is caused by the thermal ratchet effect of the valve seat. After applying good thermal insulation on the exterior wall of the valve body, the ratcheting effect of the valve seat does not occur according to finite element calculation, indicating that good thermal insulation on the valve body is an effective means to avoid sealing failure caused by ratcheting effect of the valve seat. The research results reveal the reasons for the sealing failure of the butterfly valve under several alternating cyclic loads at room temperature and high temperature, and this paper puts forward corresponding preventive measures, which is of great guiding significance for other types of valves and pressure pipelines under the same working conditions to avoid thermal ratcheting effect.

Communication base stations are facing the problems of uneven heat dissipation and high energy consumption of the heat dissipation systems. The separated heat pipe heat exchanger can replace air-conditioning in communication base stations and effectively reduce the energy consumption of base station heat dissipation systems. The heat transfer performance of separated heat pipe heat exchanger is affected by factors such as filling ratio, working fluid type and air volume. In order to study the influence of different factors on heat transfer performance, the difference between theoretical filling ratio and the actual filling ratio was analyzed through theoretical calculation. The experimental platform was built to study the heat transfer performance of heat exchanger under different filling ratios, the difference of heat exchanger performance under different high and medium temperature working fluids, and the influence of indoor and outdoor fan power change on heat exchanger performance. The study finds that when the working fluid R134a is used, the error between the theoretical value and the actual value of the minimum filling ratio is 4.74%, the optimal filling ratio range of the heat exchanger is 27.1%~47.9%, the optimal filling ratio is 31.6%, and the equivalent heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger under the optimal filling ratio is 909 W/℃. With the increase of filling ratio, the phase change area inside the heat exchanger increases first and then decreases, and the heat transfer form changes from sensible heat transfer of vapor working fluid to latent heat transfer of the phase change of the working fluid, and then to sensible heat transfer of the liquid working fluid. The high temperature working fluid is not suitable for the separated heat pipe heat exchanger. When using the high temperature working fluid, there is no obvious phase change area inside the heat exchanger. The lower the boiling point of the working fluid is used, the larger the phase change area, the better the performance of heat exchanger, and the larger the range of its optimal filling ratio. With the increase of power of indoor and outdoor fans, the performance of the heat exchanger increases rapidly and then slows down. However, due to the poor heat dissipation conditions on evaporator side, the improvement of the heat transfer performance of the system by increasing the power of internal fan is more significant than that of the external fan.

To improve the uniformity of NO _x mass concentration distribution at the outlet of SCR (selective catalytic reduction) denitration reactor of a 660 MW unit, this paper proposed an optimal ammonia injection strategy based on the kinetic model with the objective of minimizing the relative standard deviation of NO _x mass concentration distribution at the outlet of SCR. The on-site measured data was used as the inlet boundary condition, and CFD numerical simulation calculations were conducted by coupling turbulent flow, component transport, and chemical reactions in the reactor. The ammonia flow characteristics was visually analyzed, and the flow influence coefficient of the ammonia injection grid partition/nozzle was defined. The optimal controllable ammonia injection flow of different partitions or nozzles of the ammonia injection grid can be obtained by directly solving the optimization matrix equation, and combining the mathematical relationship between the outlet NO _x concentration distribution and the inlet NH₃ concentration, which is based on the SCR reaction kinetics model. The simulation results show that under the uniform ammonia injection mode, the mixing matching degree of ammonia nitrogen concentration in different zones is not high, the relative standard deviation of NO _x mass concentration at the outlet of SCR reactor reaches 40.1%, and the uniformity of NO _x mass concentration distribution at the outlet is poor. After the optimization of ammonia injection according to the method proposed in the paper, the relative standard deviation of NO _x mass concentration at the outlet decreases to 6.8%, and the uniformity of the outlet is greatly improved. This can not only realize the pressure line emission of NO _x to meet environmental requirements but also avoid areas with high and low denitrification efficiency. The flow field was visualized through numerical simulation in the article, and ammonia injection optimization was carried out by quantitatively solving the ammonia injection volume of each valve. This can provide theoretical reference for actual ammonia injection optimization debugging in power plants and reduce the blindness of adjustment.

As a key interface device of the energy storage module in the integrated energy system, the bidirectional DC converter needs the features of low current ripple, high voltage gain and wide range soft switching. To achieve battery-friendly low current ripple ability, bidirectional DC converters use interleaving technology on the low-voltage energy storage side. However, restricted by the actual production process, this type of interleaved bidirectional DC converter has multi-phase current imbalance problems. In this paper, a current self-balancing bidirectional DC converter without complex control algorithm was proposed based on coupled inductors. In the integrated energy storage scenario, the converter not only has the characteristics of current self-balancing, but also has the comprehensive advantages of low current ripple, high voltage gain and wide-range soft switching. First of all, the converter used the clamp capacitor ampere-second balance to forcefully maintain the interleaved current balance in one switching cycle. Hence the low current ripple characteristic of current self-balance was realized at the circuit topology level. Secondly, the coupled inductor is both an energy storage inductor and a transformer. Through the cooperation of the multi-stage gain structure of the circuit, the high voltage gain characteristic was realized. Finally, the converter used a voltage matching control and phase shifting control strategy to decouple the voltage gain and power direction and consequently soft switching characteristics were guaranteed under different working conditions. The article analyzed the working principle and circuit characteristics of the converter, and designed an experimental prototype with an operating voltage of 30 V to 40 V on the low-voltage side, 400 V on the high-voltage side, and a bidirectional power of 1 kW. The experimental prototype simulated the operating characteristics of the low-voltage side lithium battery under different operating voltages, power levels and directions, thus effectively verifying the feasibility of the topology.

Facing the increasingly strict requirements of industrial flue gas emission in China, this paper designed a new type of cyclone-tube demister to overcome the low removal efficiency of fine droplets that particle size less than 20 μm by wave-plate demister. The flow of flue gas in the cyclone tube demister was numerically simulated by using Euler-Lagrangian method, using rigid spherical water drops instead of fog drops. And the RNG k-ε model and DPM model were used for the alternating coupling calculation of continuous phase and discrete phase. The performance changes of the cyclone-tube demister under different flow velocities were studied. Based on the simulation experiment of orthogonal design, the influence of the structural parameters of the cyclone-tube demister on the demisting performance was studied. The simulation results of basic structure cyclone-tube demister show that, under the flow rate of 3~7 m/s, the removal efficiency of droplets with diameter greater than 20 μm is more than 99%; the removal efficiency of droplets with a diameter of 10~20 μm is above 86.5%; the removal efficiency of droplets with a diameter of 2~10 μm is above 51.3%; when the pressure drop is 61.4~321.3 Pa, it can significantly improve the removal efficiency of fine droplets. By analyzing the results of orthogonal simulation test, it is found that the increase of a and the decrease of d are beneficial to improve the removal efficiency of droplets. With the increase of a, d and H, the pressure drop of flue gas flowing through the demister will be increased. The optimum structure with demister efficiency of 2~10 μm as index is d=100 mm, H=2 000 mm, a=900°, the optimum structure with demister efficiency of 10~20 μm as index is d=100 mm, H=1 600 mm, a=900°, the optimum structure with the pressure drop as index d=100 mm, H=2 400 mm, a=540° are obtained. The cyclone-tube demister proposed in this study can significantly improve the removal efficiency of fine droplets, which is of great significance to the ultra clean emissions of coal-fired power plants.

Defects in operating outdoor overhead transmission lines with broken strands will cause local excess temperature rise. The maximum temperature occurs at the defect and decays rapidly to a defect-free area. Infrared thermography based on temperature distribution can identify the degree of broken strands defects. However, the wind speed will significantly reduce the surface temperature of the observed object, making infrared detection difficult. To study the axial temperature distribution at the broken strand area of overhead lines under low wind speed, the paper took the LGJ-240/30 type steel-cored aluminum strand as an example, and conducted thermal cycling tests in the State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology of Chongqing University. The broken strand defect was produced by manual destruction, the homemade wind speed was regulated by the air collecting device, and the AC large current generator provided a stable Joule heat source. The influence of the number of broken strands on the maximum temperature rise at the back of the defect and the temperature difference in the axial defect-free area was obtained. And based on this, the infrared identification method of broken strand number when the wind speed is 1~3 m/s was proposed. Finally, the method was verified by natural experiments in the National Field Science Observation and Research Station. The results show that after the occurrence of strand breaks in overhead transmission lines, the axial temperature difference between the extreme value of the defective temperature and the normal temperature in the non-defective area decreases rapidly with the increase of the wind speed; the fitting coefficient b, which describes the heat transfer term in the fitting equation of the axial temperature difference θ and the wind speed u, increases with the increase of current carrying capacity and the number of strand breaks. The proposed method has a recognition rate of more than 90.1% for the number of broken strands and more than 94% for defects under the condition of low wind speed, the load current is 360, 480, and 600 A, and the number of broken strands is more than 3. It solves the problem of infrared thermal inspection project under low wind speed without missing the best maintenance time, greatly improves the maintenance efficiency of line maintenance, guarantees the safe and stable operation of power grid, and has guiding significance for the infrared thermal inspection project of overhead transmission lines.

In order to solve the problem of efficient heat dissipation of miniaturized electronic devices and the difficulty of horizontal operation of pulsating heat pipe, this study designed a non-symmetry micro-channel flat plate pulsating heat pipe (NCPHP) and built an experimental platform for its heat transfer performance. By controlling different incline angles, filling rate and cooling water temperature, the operation characteristics of NCPHP were investigated under the structure design of non-symmetry channel. The results show that the thermal resistance of NCPHP is sensitive to the change of incline angle at 30% and 50% filling rate, and the dry-out phenomenon of NCPHP is observed at 30% filling rate. At 50% filling rate, the thermal resistance of NCPHP can be as low as 0.622 and 0.545 K/W when incline angle is -5° and 0°, respectively. The minimum thermal resistance of NCPHP was 0.415 K/W when the incline angle is 60° and the filling rate is 50%. When the incline angle is -5° and the liquid filling rate is 50%, and the heating power reaches 40 W, the temperature in the evaporation section of NCPHP continues to rise in a short time, but this phenomenon disappears and changes into a stable and fluctuating characteristic when the heating power reaches 50 W. The influence of cooling water temperature on the average temperature difference in the evaporation section of NCPHP decreases with the increase of heating power. At 50% liquid filling rate, the temperature difference of NCPHP evaporation section decreases from 5.1 ℃ at 30 W to 4.2 ℃ at 60 W. Lower cooling water temperature can delay the dry-out phenomenon of 30% liquid filling rate.

In view of the time-space uncertainty of electric vehicle charging demand, how to participate in the electricity market and how to maximize the operating profit has become a problem that needs to be solved. Firstly, this study established an electric vehicle travel prediction model based on multi-layer deep learning algorithm. The multilayer perceptron and long short-term memory network were used to learn the travel data and road condition data of electric vehicles, and the travel behavior and road condition of the next day were predicted by the trained prediction model. Secondly, considering the influence of the variability of road conditions on the prediction accuracy, the future path rolling optimization method and the speed-energy consumption model were used to simulate the travel behavior of electric vehicles the next day, so as to obtain more accurate time-space state and charge state of electric vehicles. Finally, considering the coordinated scheduling of the energy market, the charging and discharging behavior of electric vehicles in different periods was planned through the charging and discharging scheduling model of the day-ahead market to maximize the interests of electric vehicle agents. In order to prove the accuracy of the proposed prediction method, it was compared with the commonly used Monte Carlo method and Latin hypercube method. The results show that the deep learning algorithm proposed in this study has higher accuracy. The model was applied to the IEEE33 node test system for verification. The experimental results show that the peak-valley difference of the power system can be effectively reduced under the scheduling of electric vehicle agents. In the case of system congestion, the problem of system line congestion can be alleviated by changing the scheduling strategy of electric vehicles. The agent’s revenue and the user’s travel cost were analyzed. The results show that under the agent’s scheduling, it can not only increase the income of agents, but also reduce the travel cost of users, and achieve a win-win situation.

In order to solve the problems of small torque, large torque fluctuation and small motion range in the deflection motion part of the existing multi-degree-of-freedom motor, a hybrid excitation multi-degree of freedom spherical motor was proposed. After introducing the basic structure and operation principle of the motor, this paper proposed a magnetic field analysis method based on multi-node Schwarz-Christoffel (S-C) transform to solve the problem of slow speed in the magnetic field calculation of the motor when using the three-dimensional (3D) finite element method. This method uses discrete line currents to be equivalent to the permanent magnets and windings of the motor, and converts the complex air gap region into the torus region through multi-node S-C transform and exponential transform, respectively. And it uses the analytical solution of the scalar position in the torus region to calculate the magnetic field information in the current region of a single line, and calculates the overall magnetic field information by superposition. Then, the magnetic field information of the original air gap region was calculated by using the conversion relationship of the coordinate points in each region. After calculating the radial magnetic density, the electromagnetic torque of the deflected part was calculated by Ampere’s law. In addition, the analytical method and the three-dimensional finite element method were used to model and analyze the magnetic field characteristics and deflection torque characteristics of the motor. Through comparison, it is found that the magnetic field calculation results of the two methods are in good agreement, the maximum errors in amplitude of the analytical method relative to the finite element method are 7.3% and 3.92%, respectively,which verifies the accuracy of the analytical method. In order to further verify its validity, a prototype and an experimental platform were developed to test the static deflection torque of the motor. The results show that the motor has a high deflection torque, and the maximum deflection torque is 2.13 N·m. The errors between the experimental results and the calculation results of the finite element method and the analytical method are 22.62% and 20.13%, respectively, which verifies the effectiveness of the analytical method modeling.