华南理工大学学报(自然科学版) ›› 2026, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (3): 79-90.doi: 10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.250098

• 智慧交通系统 • 上一篇    下一篇

电动公交充电站选址与行车计划联合优化

胡郁葱, 黄伟彬, 陈俊华, 巫威眺   

  1. 华南理工大学 土木与交通学院,广东 广州 510640
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-07 出版日期:2026-03-25 发布日期:2025-07-11
  • 通信作者: 巫威眺(1987 —),男,博士,副教授,主要从事智能交通系统研究。 E-mail:ctwtwu@scut.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:胡郁葱(1970 —),女,博士,副教授,主要从事交通运输系统规划与设计研究。E-mail: ychu@scut.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(52272310);广东省哲学社会科学规划项目(GD24CGL19);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2024A1515010617);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2025A1515010544);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金项目(2025B1515020056)

Joint Optimization of Electric Bus Charging Station Siting and Vehicle Scheduling

HU Yucong, HUANG Weibin, CHEN Junhua, WU Weitiao   

  1. School of Civil Engineering and Transportation,South China University of Technology,Guangzhou 510640,Guangdong,China
  • Received:2025-04-07 Online:2026-03-25 Published:2025-07-11
  • Contact: 巫威眺(1987 —),男,博士,副教授,主要从事智能交通系统研究。 E-mail:ctwtwu@scut.edu.cn
  • About author:胡郁葱(1970 —),女,博士,副教授,主要从事交通运输系统规划与设计研究。E-mail: ychu@scut.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272310);the Guangdong Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Foundation(GD24CGL19);the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A1515010617)

摘要:

纯电动公交因其环保特性已成为城市交通的重要载体,但其规模化应用受到续航里程的制约,因此对于充电站建设和行车计划编制有较高的要求。现有研究多将充电站选址与行车计划编制作为独立问题,忽视了二者之间的相互影响;且多考虑单车场或小规模场景,难以适应大规模复杂网络下的跨区域协同调度需求。为解决上述问题,该研究构建多车场的电动公交时空网络,以电动公交系统总成本最小化为目标,考虑充电站建设、车次衔接、电量维持、车辆调度、充电桩匹配等约束条件,建立了充电站选址与行车计划联合优化模型。为精确刻画运营成本,模型引入了分时电价与充电站并行充电能力。为高效求解此高维离散组合优化问题,设计了改进的文化基因算法(EB-MA)。该算法通过改进遗传算子、引入车次链移动与合并等局部搜索策略、结合分层约束修复机制,确保了解的可行性。以佛山市禅城区部分公交网络为例,验证了模型和算法在解决不同规模问题时的有效性。结果表明,相较于传统的遗传算法和模拟退火算法,在小规模算例和大规模算例上,该文提出的算法均能在降低总成本方面取得更好的效果;敏感性分析进一步揭示,电池容量增大与单位能耗降低能显著降低系统总成本,而电价政策,特别是平峰电价水平,对运营成本有决定性影响;充电站建设方案通过影响行车计划的成本间接影响系统总成本,将充电站选址和行车计划编制进行联合优化具有必要性。上述研究成果丰富了电动公交充电站选址和行车计划研究的理论体系,可以同时为公交系统规划和运营决策提供有益的参考。

关键词: 电动公交, 充电站选址, 行车计划, 联合优化

Abstract:

Pure electric buses have become an important component of urban public transportation due to their environmental benefits. However, their widespread adoption is constrained by limited driving range, placing high demands on the planning of charging infrastructure and the formulation of vehicle schedules. Existing research often treats charging station siting and vehicle scheduling as independent problems, overlooking their interdependence. Moreover, most studies focus on single-depot or small-scale scenarios, which cannot adequately address the requirements for coordinated, cross-regional dispatching in large-scale and complex networks. To address these issues, this study constructs an integrated optimization model for electric bus charging station siting and vehicle scheduling. The model is built upon a spatio-temporal network framework designed for a multi-depot electric bus system. The objective is to minimize the total system cost, subject to various constraints including charging station construction, trip connection, state-of-charge(SOC) maintenance, vehicle scheduling, and charger matching.In order to accurately describe the operating cost, the model introduces the time-of-use electricity pricing and accounts for the parallel charging capacity of stations. To effectively solve this high-dimensional, discrete combinatorial optimization problem, an enhanced cultural memetic algorithm is designed. The algorithm incorporates improved genetic operators, introduces local search strategies such as trip-chain relocation and merging, and integrates a hierarchical constraint repair mechanism to ensure solution feasibility. The model and algorithm are validated using a case study based on a partial bus network in Chancheng District, Foshan City. The results demonstrate their effectiveness in handling problems of varying scales. Compared to traditional genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm, the proposed algorithm can achieve better cost reduction in both small and large-scale instances. Sensitivity analysis further reveals that increasing battery capacity and reducing unit energy consumption can significantly reduce the total cost of the system, while the electricity pricing policy, especially off-peak rates, has a decisive influence on the operating cost. The study also confirms that charging station siting indirectly affects total cost by influencing scheduling efficiency, highlighting the necessity of joint optimization. This research enriches the theoretical framework for electric bus charging station siting and vehicle scheduling. The findings provide valuable, simultaneous insights for both the strategic planning and day-to-day operational decision-making of electric bus systems.

Key words: electric bus, charging station siting, vehicle scheduling, joint optimization

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