Table of Content

25 April 2018, Volume 46 Issue 4

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Traffic & Transportation Engineering

Cycle Life Prediction Method of Lithium Batteries Based on Morphology and Properties

 

LI Lifu ZHANG Dongyu

2018, 46(4):  1-7.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.001

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The conventional prediction model for cycle life of lithium power batteries may generate prediction error， because it ignores the impact of the structural changes caused by electrochemical reactions． To solve this problem， the lithium iron phosphate batteries are regarded as the research objects for the study of the relationship between the internal structure and the cycle life of lithium power battery． The prediction method based on morphology and electrochemical properties is proposed． And a prediction model for cycle life of power battery ( BLPC model) is established on the basis of the morphology and electrochemical properties． The corresponding power battery cycle life test system ( BLPC system) is designed to carry out the cycle life experiment of the lithium iron phosphate batteries and verify the validity of BLPC model． The experimental results show that the new prediction method is more reliable and practical than those conventional ones． 

Dynamic Analysis of an Articulated Frame Steer Vehicle with Torsio-Elastic Suspension

 

CHAI Mu Subhash Ｒakheja SHANGGUAN Wenbin

2018, 46(4):  8-15.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.002

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 In order to study the vehicle roll and yaw stabilities of an articulated-mode truck，a model of articulated frame steer vehicle is established according to Adams/View on the basis of a 35-ton articulated frame steer mining truck，and a torsio-elastic suspension at the frontal and rear axles of the vehicle is installed． The kinematic and dynamic of hydraulic steering features were taken into consideration． In addition，a model of a hydraulic steering system was established in Matlab/Simulink． Then co-simulation between the Adams and Simulink for roll and yaw stabilities were analyzed． The validation of the Adams vehicle model was relayed on the vibration responses under the straight line maneuver，and hydraulic steering system validation was based on the response under the steady-turning and path-change maneuvers of vehicle． According to the roll and yaw stability measurement of articulated steer vehicles，the roll and yaw stabilities of unsuspended and suspended vehicles at unloaded and loaded conditions were also analyzed respectively． The results illustrated that the vehicle with torsio-elastic suspension will decrease the roll and directional stability，but the influence of the suspension system on the stability of articulated steer vehicles can be reduced through the suspension optimization

Application of Multi-Output Support Vector Regression Hybrid Model in Locomotive Secondary Spring Loads Adjustment

 

PAN Difu CHEN Jun BAO Tianzhe HAN Kun

2018, 46(4):  16-21,28.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.003

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The locomotive loads distribution is dramatically influenced by the shims added to those springs． Considering the non-negligible nonlinear characteristics among locomotive bodies and secondary springs，a hybrid model is proposed by utilizing multi-output support vector regression as a compensation operator for the mechanism model． To improve the accuracy of compensation and obtain a set of optimal parameters，the genetic algorithm is used to globally optimize the parameters of the compensation operator． At the same time，the uniform design method is adopted to arrange the sampling scheme to reduce the sampling time． The proposed hybrid model is evaluated with the testing data set of a HXD1D high-power locomotive． The proposed model outperforms the mechanism model and the BP network hybrid model with respect to the root mean square error ( ＲMSE) ． An experimental result shows that the ＲMSE is reduced by 33. 53% in comparison with the mechanism model and 23. 69% less than that of the BP network model，which can further improve the accuracy of locomotive loads adjustment model． At the same time，the computation time of the proposed model is much less than that of the BP network hybrid model． 

 Application of Multi-Output Support Vector Ｒegression Hybrid Model in Locomotive Secondary Spring Loads Adjustment

 

PAN Difu CHEN Jun BAO Tianzhe HAN Kun

2018, 46(4):  22-28.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.004

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 The locomotive loads distribution is dramatically influenced by the shims added to those springs． Considering the non-negligible nonlinear characteristics among locomotive bodies and secondary springs，a hybrid model is proposed by utilizing multi-output support vector regression as a compensation operator for the mechanism model． To improve the accuracy of compensation and obtain a set of optimal parameters，the genetic algorithm is used to globally optimize the parameters of the compensation operator． At the same time，the uniform design method is adopted to arrange the sampling scheme to reduce the sampling time． The proposed hybrid model is evaluated with the testing data set of a HXD1D high-power locomotive． The proposed model outperforms the mechanism model and the BP network hybrid model with respect to the root mean square error ( ＲMSE) ． An experimental result shows that the ＲMSE is reduced by 33. 53% in comparison with the mechanism model and 23. 69% less than that of the BP network model，which can further improve the accuracy of locomotive loads adjustment model． At the same time，the computation time of the proposed model is much less than that of the BP network hybrid model． 

Signal Timing Optimization for the Intersection with Pre-Signals Based on Average Vehicle Delay

 

LI Bo BIE Yiming CHENG Wei

2018, 46(4):  29-34,43.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.005

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To relieve the oversaturation at intersections，the pre-signal intersection control method for motor vehicles was proposed． Owing to the given intersection design and phasing scheme，the calculation model of vehicle delays at the pre-signal and main signal were developed． With the minimum average vehicle delay at the intersection being regarded as the optimization objective，the signal timing parameters and the length of the waiting area were chosen as independent variables，and an optimization model for the timing plan at pre-signal intersection was proposed． The feasible direction method was used to solve the two models． Finally，a typical intersection was used as an example to test the proposed model． The results showed that compared with traditional control method，the presignal control method could reduce average vehicle delay as much as 60% under saturation or oversaturation conditions． 

Signal Timing Optimization for the Intersection with Pre-Signals Based on Average Vehicle Delay

 

LI Bo BIE Yiming CHENG Wei

2018, 46(4):  35-43.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.006

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To relieve the oversaturation at intersections，the pre-signal intersection control method for motor vehicles was proposed． Owing to the given intersection design and phasing scheme，the calculation model of vehicle delays at the pre-signal and main signal were developed． With the minimum average vehicle delay at the intersection being regarded as the optimization objective，the signal timing parameters and the length of the waiting area were chosen as independent variables，and an optimization model for the timing plan at pre-signal intersection was proposed． The feasible direction method was used to solve the two models． Finally，a typical intersection was used as an example to test the proposed model． The results showed that compared with traditional control method，the presignal control method could reduce average vehicle delay as much as 60% under saturation or oversaturation conditions． 

 Interval Decision Making Model of Cycle Length at Signal Intersection

 

CHEN Xiaohong ZHANG Xiekui CHEN Shimiao

2018, 46(4):  44-50.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.007

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  In order to relieve the impact of the uncertainty of traffic flow on the actualization of signal control scheme under a unsaturated condition，this paper initially proposes a new optimization model of cycle length for single intersection by using the timed control． Secondly，through the analysis and comparison of the degree of mutual influence of the uncertainty of traffic flow，design of cycle length and effectiveness of control plan，the interval number multiple attribute decision model of signal cycle length at intersection is proposed on the basis of deviation and possibility degrees of interval number when attribute weights are completely unknown，attribute values are interval numbers，and the method shows no preference． Finally，the intersection in Beijing is simulated for analysis by using VISSIM simulation software． The results show that when the traffic flow ratio is between 0. 804 and 0. 909， the vehicle average delay decreases by 17. 4% and capacity increases by 6%，compared with the Webster method． The method is feasible and effective． 

Deflection Calculation Analyses on Thin-Walled Box Girder Based on the Theory of Timoshenko Beam and the Energy-Variation Principle

 

LI Xiayuan FAN Wei WAN Shui Yi-lung Mo SHEN Kongjian

2018, 46(4):  51-57，84.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.008

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Based on the Timoshenko beam theory and the energy-variation principle，this article makes some corrections to the warping displacement function of thin-walled single-cellbox girder considering the warping displacement amplitude difference between different flanges，axial force equilibrium condition across section，and the shear deformation effects of webs on warping displacement function and the expression of total potential energy is built． Euler-Lagrange equation is used when the structure under the stable equilibrium state，and the differential equation of deflection in simply supported beam is deduced． Combined with the finite element method ( FEM) software ABAQUS，the beam deflection distribution along the length of the beam has been analyzed． The results show that the deflection distribution calculated by the theoretical analysis in this article is consistent with those obtained from FEM analysis． Meanwhile，a widely used deflection formula for engineering application is introduced for analyzing the deflection of simply supported beam． On account of neglecting the shear lag affect，which can generate the additional deflection，this widely used formula can have big errors by comparing the results with FEM results，up to 32. 06%，the error range can be 21. 39% ～32. 06%． However，the deflection distribution along the length of the beam in this article is in a good agreement with FEM results，which can better reflect the actual beam deflection under different loads． Consequently，the proposed method has been validated to be accurate and feasible． 

Energy，Power & Electrical Engineering

Effect of Tip Clearance on Cavitation Flow of Bulb Tubular Turbine

 

ZHANG Yipeng LIU Meiqing WU Yuanwei LIN Peng

2018, 46(4):  58-66.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.009

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In order to study the characteristics of the pressure fluctuation of bulb tubular turbine effected by tip clearance under the cavitation flow and to reveal the various tip clearance of bulb tubular turbine influence on the unsteady flow，numerical calculation and model test research prototype on whole flow passage are used to compare with pressure fluctuation characteristics on the four clearance schemes on the basis of the SST k-ω turbulence model and moving mesh． Then the tip clearance of the flow field structure is analyzed and the numerical results and model experimental results which confirmed the method can basically reflect the internal flow of the turbine are compared． The results show that with the reduction of the cavitation coefficient，the energy of the water turbine characteristics change，and hydraulic performance degraded too． And the arrival of the critical cavitation coefficient leads to efficiency to drop significantly; affected by the occurrence of cavitation intensification，pressure fluctuation amplitude is increased in the suction side，and the nearby flange of the amplitude is greater than that in the middle part of the blade and hub． When the partial pressure drops below the saturation pressure，fluctuation is no longer violent，with the phenomenon called“clipping”appearing． With the tip clearance value and cavitation occurrences aggravating in the gap，cavitation shape evolves from a gap cavitation to an airfoil one，and then leakage vortex cavitation emerges． The rotating frequency dominates the pressure fluctuation of the nearby flange on the suction side of the blade，a larger tip clearance can reduce high frequency pressure fluctuation at the flange，leakage flow will lead to more severe cavitation． Therefore，selecting the appropriate value gap is greatly significant to the bulb turbine in stable operation，lower vibration and noise． 

Power & Electrical Engineering

 Investigation of the Influence of Potassium on Biomass Chemical Looping Gasification

 

LIAO Yanfen ZHANG Hengjin WU Yuting LIU Guicai MA Xiaoqian

2018, 46(4):  67-74.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.010

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 The multi-influence of alkali metal on the steam gasification and chemical looping gasification of biomass was investigated in a fixed bed reactor． The experimental results show that the gas generation rate of potassiumloaded biomass in the steam gasification is improved significantly at 700 ℃． The volume fraction of H2 is up to 56% ～57%，and CO is reduced to about 13%． It indicates that the steam-tar reforming and water-gas shift reaction are promoted by alkali metal remarkably，and the effect of inherent potassium is better than potassium salt． When the gasification temperature was increased to 900 ℃，the secondary cracking reaction of oxygen-containing functional group improved the yield of CO，while the water-gas reaction catalyzed by alkali metal consumed CO， and the competition of these two processes causes the non-linear characteristics of CO yield． The gasification efficiency and volume percentage of CO and H2 achieve the best when the biomass is impregnated by potassium carbonate solution with mass concentration of about 5%． While contrasted with steam gasification of biomass，the gas generation rate of H2 is increased after adding oxygen carrier． And K-loaded oxygen carrier can enhance gas generation rate of H2，up to 0. 82 m3 /kg，and the gasification efficiency reaches 75%． Contrary to CO，the gas generation rate of H2 is decreased with the increase of temperature． Because K-loaded oxygen carrier causes the generation of silicate melts at high temperature，it can block the reaction channel of oxygen carrier and restrain the steam-tar reforming and water-gas shift reaction． 

 Optimization Strategy of Energy Conservation for Central Heating System of Multiple Building Types

 

ZHOU Xuan LIU Guoqiang YAN Junwei WANG Xiaopei

2018, 46(4):  75-84.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.011

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 Aiming at the inconsistence of the types of heating buildings，complexity of heating demand and high heating operation cost of central heating system at a certain college in a cold area，adjusting strategies are proposed for the energy-saving operation of optimization in central heating system of multiple buildings types． According to the heating analysis of various types of buildings and improvement of the basic equation of heating regulation，temperature control methods are proposed for building time-sharing and subarea based on partition temperature and heat exchange station pressure difference quality quantity dynamic adjustment method． The adjustment methods were applied to the real time control of a complex central heating system at the university in the 2016 －2017 heating seasons． The operation results show that in order to meet the heating demand，in comparison with the 2015 － 2016 heating seasons，2016 － 2017 heat consumption decreased by 22. 9%，electricity consumption decreased by 33. 6%，show that the proposed method is effective to optimize the operation regulation of energy saving，can provide a reference for the complex central heating system．

Energy，Power & Electrical Engineering

Risk Assessment Model of AC/DC Hybrid System Based on Random Fuzzy Theory

 

DONG Ping WU Huayi

2018, 46(4):  85-90,97.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.012

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 In the operational risk assessment of AC/DC hybrid transmission system，the failure rate of transmission line is often characteristic of being random and fuzzy because of various uncertainties due to the lack of historical data and the influence of climate and other factors on the accuracy of data measurement． In this paper，the stochastic fuzzy uncertainty model of AC/DC transmission lines is put forward and the random fuzzy theory is applied in the operational risk assessment of AC/DC transmission system． Firstly，the model takes into account the random and fuzzy characteristics． Then the operational risk assessment index based on the definition of operational risk assessment is obtained． Finally，the expected value of the operational risk index is obtained by the use of the stochastic fuzzy simulation process combining the contingency set of AC/DC system． Take IEEE-30 AC/DC hybrid system for example and the results show that the model proposed in this paper is effective．

Calculation of Current Distribution and Analysis of Current Carrying Capacity for Overhead Transmission Line

 

LIU Gang GUO Deming LI Yang WANG Yiqing CHEN Yuan

2018, 46(4):  91-97.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.013

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In order to calculate the radial temperature distribution of overhead transmission lines accurately，it is necessary to determine the current distribution firstly in alternating field． In this paper，the self-inductance and mutual inductance of the conductor in the overhead conductor WEＲE deduced，and the current phasor value of each conductor was obtained on the basis of the structural characteristics of ACSＲ ( Aluminium Conductor Steel Ｒeinforced) and the coupling law between composite conductor fluxes． The average error we got was 3. 56% in comparison with numeraicl results． To get the cross-section temperature，we put heat generation rate on the finite element model． The accuracy of the method was verified by strict experiments in accordance with which the influence of the radial temperature distribution on the calculation of the current carrying capacity was analyzed，which provided a reference for dynamic rating of overhead lines． 

Architecture & Civil Engineering

Ｒesearch on the Technologies of Passive Low Energy Buildings on the Basis of Multi-Objective Optimization Method———by Taking Cold Zone Ｒesidential Buildings for Example

 

WU Di LIU Li LI Xiaojun LIU Conghong

2018, 46(4):  98-104,120.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.014

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To further promote the development of passive low energy buildings and resolve the summer time overheating and high incremental cost problems，we took residential buildings in cold zone of China for example to establish a set of multi-objective optimization method for passive low energy buildings． This method screens passive and integrated technologies through setting variables，setting objectives and multi-objective optimization to find the optimal solutions． A high-rise residential building in Tianjin is selected as a case study to apply this method． According to the results，the integrated optimal solutions can save 25% ～ 36% energy compared with the reference model． And three different target-oriented technology templates are concluded according to the primary energy consumption． They are energy efficiency optimal template，cost optimal template and trade-off template． 

Approaches to Abating Coincidence Effect of Sound Insulation by Using Double-Leaf Wall Structure

 

HUANG Xianfeng LIU Jun

2018, 46(4):  105-111.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.015

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Double-leaf wall structure with its favorable sound insulation is widely used in variety building envelopes． Once coincidence superposition which occurs within some frequency ranges will severely impair the sound insulation of this structure． For the purpose to eliminate the effects of coincidence superposition，statistical energy analysis ( SEA) theory is adopted in predicting sound insulation of the specific double-leaf wall． The results indicate that structural coincidence effect can be predicted accurately by SEA model，therefore，the suitable double-leaf wall structures which attenuate coincidence effect are obtained，that is，the influence of the coincidence effect on the sound insulation will be abated by altering the sequence，density and thickness of each material layer of a doublelayer wall． For instance，the thin panel towards sound source can effectively reduce coincidence effect which generates sound insulation deterioration of the structure and the coincidence effects at low and high frequency ranges are attenuated substantially whilst both the walls of double-leaf wall are light-weight panels． 

Probabilistic Evaluation Model of Seismic Loss for Nonstructural Components

 

NING Chaolie WANG Liping

2018, 46(4):  112-120.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.016

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Current seismic design method can hardly be effective to avoid the seismic damage of nonstructural components，which results in a large number of economic losses． In this paper，uncertainties involved in the generation of seismic fragility curves and evaluation of seismic loss ratio were taken into account，where the capacity median， capacity dispersion and damage factors are regarded as basic random variables with different coefficient of variation ( COV) to investigate the influence on the COV of seismic loss ratio of nonstructural components． Furthermore，a probabilistic approach is developed to estimate the seismic loss ratio of nonstructural components based on empirical regression analysis approach． As a result，once the magnitude of seismic response parameters of nonstructural components is determined，the mean value and standard deviation ( STD) of seismic loss ratio of drift-sensitive and acceleration-sensitive nonstructural components can be predicted directly． The conclusion indicates that the dispersion of seismic loss ratio of nonstructural components increases with the rise of inter-storey drift ratio and floor acceleration，but becomes stable in the end． The variation of seismic fragility parameters at life-safety ( LS) ，collapse prevention ( CP) performance level and seismic damage factors affect the variation of seismic loss ratio of nonstructural components significantly． Such observation benefits the estimation of seismic loss ratio of nonstructural components in probability． 

Parametric Analysis of Structure with Additional Viscoelastic Dampers Considering Soil-Structure Dynamic Interaction

 

LI Peizhen SHU Xin YANG Jinping

2018, 46(4):  121-128,136.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.017

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In this paper three-dimensional finite element analysis is carried out for dynamic soil-structure interaction of a practical building with additional viscoelastic dampers． General purpose finite element program ANSYS is used in the analysis． A commonly used equivalent linearity model is chosen as the constitutive relation of soil． Viscousspring boundary of soil is implemented． The influence of parameters such as damping coefficient of viscoelastic dampers，soil property and foundation types on efficiency of viscoelastic dampers is discussed． The analytical results indicate that the influence of SSI effects on efficient of viscoelastic dampers increases at first and then decreases with the rise of the damping coefficient of viscoelastic dampers; the efficient of viscoelastic dampers increases in general with the increment of the dynamic shear modulus of soil; the efficient of viscoelastic dampers on pile-raft foundation structure is better than that on box foundation structure． 

Study on Safety Blasting Vibration Velocity for Concrete Airport Ｒunway Subjected to P-Waves

 

HU Shouyun ZHOU Chuanbo JIANG Nan LU Shiwei ZHANG Zhen HE Ｒu

2018, 46(4):  129-136.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.018

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On basis of the first tunnel project adopting drilling and blasting method under an existing airport runways in Hubei Province in combination with the theoretical analysis of stress wave theory，numerical simulation and field monitoring，the interaction between an incident P-wave and the airport runway is discussed and the blasting vibration safety criterion for airport runway is established，of which the feasibility and the reliability are validated by a practical engineering case． Ｒesults show that: the blasting vibration safety criterion ( BVSC) determined by shear failure criterion is much greater than that determined by tensile failure criterion，indicating that tensile failure dominates the failure type of the interface; when the incident angle increases，the BVSC increases first，then decreases． And the minimum BVSC occurs in the case of normal incidence，which indicates that the case of normal incidence is the most dangerous; taking into account the importance of airport runway，1. 7 is chosen as the modifying coefficient and the BVSC of 3. 67 ～7. 91cm/s is determined according to the different incident angle; compared with numerical simulations，the BVSC obtained by theoretical analysis has a higher safety reserve．

Safety Performance of a Bridge Deck Under Impact of a Massive Falling Cargo from Passing Truck

 

ZHOU Xiaoyu MA Ｒujin CHEN Airong

2018, 46(4):  137-145.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.019

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Aiming at the safety performance analysis of the concrete bridge deck subject to falling massive cargo impact，an investigation is performed into an accident of a falling massive cargo onto bridge deck from passing truck in this paper，which happened to a long-span cable-stayed bridge． A performance evaluation procedure for precasting concrete deck under falling cargo impact is established． Firstly，the validity of the finite element method in low-velocity impact analysis is verified by comparing the analysis results with drop weight tests． Afterwards，a series of dynamic numerical simulation using the nonlinear finite element analysis program is conducted to investigate the bearing behavior and response of the ＲC bridge deck under falling cargo impact． Finally，the safety performance of the concrete bridge deck is evaluated by the established procedure． The analytical result indicates that the FEM method used in the analysis is adequate for reinforced concrete component subject low-velocity impact，and that main failure mechanism of the bridge deck is local failure mode，both the local responses are dominating during the collision． Furthermore，the safety performance of ＲC deck is evaluated by a dynamic loading analysis． The probability of each damage level for ＲC deck under different impact scenes is illustrated by vulnerability curves． 

Effects of Ｒoughness on Cyclic Shear Behavior of Ｒed Clay-Concrete Interface

 

CHENG Hao WANG Xuan ZHANG Jiasheng WANG Qiyun

2018, 46(4):  146-152.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2018.04.020

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In order to investigate the influence of surface roughness of structure on cyclic shear behavior of soilstructure interface，a series of large scale cyclic direct shear tests were performed for red clay-concrete interface．

The effect of roughness of concrete surface and normal stress were investigated on cyclic shear behavior of clay-con

crete interface． The results indicate that the phenomena of cyclic shear softening is significant on red clay-concrete interface due to cyclic loading，and that the shear strength of interface increases with the roughness being incremented; An obvious contraction of interface was observed during the process of cyclic shear under different conditions，

and the maximum value of contraction increases with the increment of roughness． Shear stiffness and damping ratio

of interface decrease with rising number of cycles and tend to a steady value at the end of cyclic tests． The increase of roughness can improve shear stiffness of interface，but produces little influence on damping ratio of interface．