Table of Content

25 May 2017, Volume 45 Issue 5

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Mechanical Engineering

Ultrasonic-Guided Wave Monitoring for Strands Damage in Anchor Clamp Zone of Messenger Wire

HONG Xiao-bin HE Yong-kui ZHOU Jian-xi HUANG Guo-jian

2017, 45(5):  1-8.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.001

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In order to overcome the difficulties in accurate monitoring of strands damage in the anchor clamp region of messenger wires in electrified railway,a new ultrasonic-guided wave transducer for damage monitoring is developed.In the investigation,first,a guided-wave guiding pin for the single wire of messenger wires is designed according to the specific structure of strands and the ultrasonic-guided wave propagation rule in Cu-Mg alloy messenger wires.Next,an independent elastic guided-wave emission-receiving unit is established with the guided-wave guiding pin at the core.Then,in consideration of outer layer structure of the messenger wire,an annular guidedwave detection module,which contains 12 emission-receiving units,is developed,and a new ultrasonic-guided wave transducer is formed by integrating an independent crystal control circuit with a covering /protecting handle.After that,a monitoring method for single-wire structural damage of messenger wires combined with the pulse echo detection and the specific wavelet de-noising is demonstrated.Finally,a series of detection experiments on singlewire artificial structural damage of 19-filament Cu-Mg alloy messenger wires are carried out.The results indicate that,when the distance between two transducers is 0. 1m and when the distance between the receiving transducer and the anchor clamp center is 0. 4 m,there is a positive correlation between the amplitude of wavelet-denoised damage echo and the damage depth,with an average relative error of 3. 16% and a length recognition error of 0. 025m ( less than the length of anchor clamp,namely 0. 055m) ,which means that the new transducer and the corresponding monitoring method help successfully achieve an ideal recognition of outer single-wire structural damage of an anchor clamp covering messenger wire.This research provides an effectivejudgement for the strengthening and replacing of damaged messenger wires in electrified railway.

Performance Analysis and Experiment Investigation of Transfer Printing pL-Class Fluid Distribution Approach

ZHANG Qin WU Rui-qi AOYAMA Hisayuki

2017, 45(5):  9-15.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.002

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In order to overcome the difficulty in the picoliter ( pL ) -class trace distribution and the dispensing in narrow spaces of high-viscosity fluid,the factors affecting the pL-class dispensing performance of transfer printing were theoretically analyzed,and some experiments were carried out to explore the influences of fluid viscosity,dispensing velocity,liquid transfer needle s holding time and fluid concave on dispensing performance.Finally,pLclass dispensing of high-viscosity ( 5Pa·s and 30Pa·s) fluid in narrow seam ( 0. 5mm × 20mm) was implemented.The results show that,at low dispensing velocity,the dispensing volume increases as fluid viscosity increases but keeps almost unchanged with the holding time of liquid transfer needle,while the contrary occurs at high dispensing velocity; and that the transfer printing liquid distribution method can effectively inhibit the formation of fluid concave and reduce random factors-induced impact with well-matched dispensing parameters.Thus,the pL-class dispensing and packing in a narrow seam of high-viscosity fluid can be successfully implemented with high accuracy and good repetitiveness.

Removal Method of Power Interferences Based on Singular Vector Spectrum

LI Wei-guang ZHANG Xiao-tao

2017, 45(5):  16-23.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.003

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Proposed is a method on the basis of singular vector spectrum for the removal of power interferences in vibration signals of rotating machinery.In this method,firstly,vibration signals are processed through singular value decomposition,and the useful components as well as the power frequency components are divided into different orthogonal subspaces.Then,as the singular vector spectrum reflects the energy distribution of each signal component,the subspace range of the singular vector corresponding to power interference is estimated according to the singular vector spectrum,in which singular vectors corresponding to power interferences are obtained by analyzing the spectrum features of singular vectors.Finally,the singular values corresponding to power interferences are determined and set to zero,and other singular values as well as singular vectors are used to reconstruct desired time-domain signals without power interferences.Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively remove power interferences without any effect on other components of the vibration signal.

Experimental Investigation into Self -Excited Vibration of a Planar 3-RRR Parallel Manipulator

LIU Sheng QIU Zhi-cheng ZHANG Xian-min

2017, 45(5):  24-30,67.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.004

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Dealt with in this paper are the effects of singularity configuration and servo gain of drive motors on the self-excited vibration of planar 3-RRR parallel manipulator.Firstly,the kinematics constraint equation of the planar 3-RRR parallel manipulator was established,and the velocity constraint equation as well as the acceleration constraint equation was obtained via derivation.Meanwhile,the forward and inverse solutions of position,velocity and acceleration are analyzed.Secondly,the singularity was measured by using the velocity Jacobin matrix.Then,an experimental system was established to test the self-excited vibration respectively in singular and non-singular configurations after analyzing the control principle of drive motors.Moreover,the input position,velocity and acceleration of active joints were tested by sensors,the position and acceleration of the moving platform were obtained via forward kinematics,and the obtained acceleration of the moving platform accord with the test one well.Finally,the self-excited vibration in non-singular configurations was successfully avoided by adjusting the servo gain of drive motors.

Characteristic Analysis of Drive System of Wind Turbines with Hydrodynamic Speed Regulation

MA Wen-xing LIU Hao LIU Chun-bao

2017, 45(5):  31-37.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.005

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Firstly,on the basis of the mathematical model of hydrodynamic drive systems applied to wind turbines,the influences of main structural parameters on the performance of hydrodynamic speed regulating system applied to wind turbines are analyzed.Then,the input /output characteristics of hydrodynamic speed regulating system,as well as the speed range and efficiency of the whole system,are determined according to the mathematical model of hydrodynamic torque converter with adjustable guide vanes as well as the torque and energy balance equation of the drive system.Finally,the transmission efficiency of the system at various structural parameters is quantitatively analyzed.The results indicate that both the speed range and the efficiency of hydrodynamic speed regulating system are related to the parameters of planet gears and the effective cycle round diameter of hydrodynamic torque converter with adjustable guide vanes; and that,according to wind turbine s input speed,the structural parameters of hydrodynamic speed regulating system can be reasonably selected,which not only ensures the efficient operation of wind turbines but also improves the utilization rate of wind energy and reduces the cost of wind turbines.

Vibration Analysis of Gear-Housing-Foundation Coupled System

REN Ya-feng CHANG Shan LIU Geng WU Li-yan ZHAO Chen-qing CHANG Le-hao

2017, 45(5):  38-44.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.006

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Proposed is a lumped parameter model of gear transmission systems.In this model,firstly,lumped parameters of the housing are extracted from housing's finite element model via a sub-structure method.Secondly,the modal parameters of the foundation are extracted from foundation's acceleration by means of indirect physical parameter identification.Then,the extracted modal parameters are transformed into lumped parameters,and a dynamic model of the gear-housing-foundation coupled system is established according to interface coordination conditions.Finally,by taking a single-stage helical gear system for example,the gear's dynamic transmission error,the bearing's reaction force and the housing's vibration of the coupled system are simulated under the excitation of time-varying mesh stiffness.The system dynamic analyses before and after the coupling of housing and foundation show that both housing and foundation only have limited influence on gear's dynamic transmission error,but significantly affect the bearing's reaction force fluctuation and the housing's vibration; and that the proposed coupling model can predict the system's dynamic characteristics than the uncoupled one more precisely.

Numerical Analysis of Elastic Wear in Line Contact

ZHAN Wang-long HUANG Ping

2017, 45(5):  45-51.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.007

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Wear exists in the whole service lifetime of mechanical parts and produces great impact on the lifetime of a machine.Current researches on wear mainly focus on experiments due to the dynamic complexity of wear process,which may increase the production cost and the product design cycle.In order to solve this problem,an Archard s model-based numerical method is proposed,which is used to numerically analyze the whole process of elastic wear in line contact and obtain the normal contact pressure as well as wear depth at different sliding distances.The simulation process is conducted step by step,i. e. ,in each step,the surface contact topography is updated until the maximum sliding distance is achieved.Calculated results show that,for line contact,the contact pressure offsets with respect to the initial contact point at which friction force exists,and the offset becomes obvious as the friction coefficient increases,at the same time,the contact width increases slightly.Moreover,it is found that,in wear process,the contact state transfers from line contact to surface contact,and the asymmetry of contact pressure distribution gradually diminishes till to a symmetrical state.Experimental results show that the numerical prediction values are consistent with the experimental ones.

Dynamic Reliability Metric and Importance Analysis of Multi-State Systems

QIU Guang-qi HUANG Si GU Ying-kui

2017, 45(5):  52-58.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.008

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In order to characterize the reliability of multi-state system in performance degradation condition effectively and determine the effects of each component ( state) on the system,this paper makes a performance state analysis and presents dynamic reliability metrics as well as an importance calculation method considering performance level restrictions.Firstly,the failure probability,reliability,performance state expectation,average performance state expectation and performance state duration of system ( component) are calculated by using the universal generating function to avoid the combinatorial explosion of Markov model in multi-state system.Then,four importance indexes under certain performance level restrictions,namely Birnbaum importance,Fussell-Vesely importance,risk assessment worth and risk reduction worth,are defined with performance expectation value to comprehensively evaluate the effects of each component ( state) on the system and meet different performance requirements of system ( component) .The application results to the fuel supply system of four-cylinder diesel engine indicate that the proposed approach can not only accurately solve the failure probability,reliability,performance state expectation,average performance state expectation and performance state duration of system ( component) ,but also comprehensively assess the effects of each component ( state) on the system according to the four importance values under performance level restrictions.Therefore,it helps improve system reliability through identifying the weakest parts in the system.

Performance Analysis of Drive System of Mine Trucks Based on Hybrid Transmission System

XU Tao SHEN Yan-hua ZHANG Wen-ming GAO Yu

2017, 45(5):  59-67.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.009

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Proposed is a hybrid transmission system ( HBTS) on the basis of traditional hydraulic transmission systems ( HDTS) ,which is appropriate for the heavy-duty mine trucks ( HDMT) with a load capacity below 100 t.In HBTS,sixteen operation modes including motor-only mode,engine-only mode and hybrid driving mode can be realized.In the investigation,firstly,power transmission features of the HDTS in different operation modes are analyzed by means of lever analogy method.Then,the complete structures of mine trucks respectively with HBTS and HDTS are modeled by simulation and are analyzed with the experimental data of the trucks running in real mine road.The results show that the power performance of the truck with HDMT is 7. 3% higher than that with HBTS; and that the vehicle economic performance improves by 15. 5% in real mine road.In addition,54% of the economic improvement is arrived at thanks to the active adjustment of engine operation points by the motor and the rest is reached thanks to the recycle of braking energy.

Application of Additional Stress Method to Stability Analysis of Rodless Drilling Rig

LIU Wen-wu HU Chang-sheng LU Nian-li

2017, 45(5):  68-73.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.010

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In order to make rodless drilling rigs support the hole-wall soil effectively,the stability of hole-wall soil affected by the prestress exerted on support structure is analyzed,and a method,which uses virtual soil column to simulate pile hole and combines with the Mindlin solution,is proposed.With the help of this method,the additional stress vector of any point in the prestressed hole-wall soil is deduced,on the basis of which the shear stress and its relative strength of any point in the location of 50mm in width and 5mm below the support plate are obtained under the actions of maximum pre-torque and maximum pre-pressure.The results show that,when the pre-torque and the prestress are respectively 120kN·m and 100kN,the maximum shear stress reaches 6. 52MPa; and that the relative strength of shear stress at each point is less than 1 except at both ends of the support plate,which means that the hole-wall soil is in a steady state overall.Moreover,a comparison is made between the calculated results and the experimental ones,finding that the proposed method is more accurate than the Boussinesq-Gerruti solution and the finite element method.

Architecture & Civil Engineering

Influence of Building Chambers on Internal Ventilation and Corresponding Simulation Analysis

DENG Meng-ren GUO Hao-xu XIONG Sheng-yang

2017, 45(5):  74-81.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.011

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Chambers are the outward atrium spaces of super high-rise buildings.The location and size of different chambers may influence building's internal ventilation.This paper discusses the possibility of improving the natural ventilation inside super high-rise buildings by using the stack effect of chambers in the transitional seasons.By taking the southward contact-style chambers in Guangzhou region for samples,a simplified concept model is constructed,and the internal wind velocity as well as the PMV-PPD ( Predicted Mean Vote and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) values is calculated and analyzed with the help of typical ventilation simulation software.The results indicate that,by setting reasonable chamber height and by adjusting the location and size of chamber s inlet and outlet,most buildings may encounter natural ventilation stably in the transitional seasons,and the internal thermal environment can be maintained within a comfort range for human beings.

Microstructure and Chloride Ion Dissolution Characteristics of Soda Residue

YANG Yi-bo PU Yong-qiang YAN Wei-jun GUO Wen-ying WANG Heng-chang

2017, 45(5):  82-89.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.012

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Soda residue is a kind of waste produced by the ammonia-soda process for soda ash production.It is very difficult to use soda residue due to the existence of a lot of chlorine ions.In order to solve this problem,the microstructure and chlorine ion dissolution characteristics of soda residue are investigated.The results show that ( 1) soda residue is mainly composed of two components,one is porous calcium carbonate formed through binding and bonding of nano-sized calcium carbonate,and the other is dihydrate gypsum particle; ( 2) there is a well-developed pore structure in soda residue,and the pores include the voids between calcium carbonate congeries particles and dihydrate gypsum particles,the micron-sized pores between the aggregates in calcium carbonate congeries and the nano-sized pores in calcium carbonate aggregates; ( 3) the vast majority of chlorine ions in soda residue exist in the voids between particles and the micron-sized pores within calcium carbonate congeries; and ( 4) adding water to break soda residue and then separating the solid from the liquid is an efficient method to remove chlorine ions from soda residue.

Sensitivity Analysis of Cable-Strut Rupture for Cable Dome

JIANG Zheng-rong LIU Xiao-wei SHI Kai-rong LUO Bin

2017, 45(5):  90-96.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.013

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Proposed are a strain energy-based sensitivity analysis method and the corresponding evaluation index of cable-strut rupture for cable domes.Firstly,a sensitivity coefficient is defined as the ratio of the change amplitude of structural total strain energy in the vibration process after cable-strut rupture to that under the equilibrium before cable-strut rupture.Then,the defined coefficient is used as an overall index to evaluate the sensitivity of cablestrut rupture and is applied to the sensitivity analysis of cable-strut rupture for Levy cable dome.Finally,a comparison is made between the proposed method /index and the existing ones.The results show that Levy cable dome is most sensitive to the rupture of hoop cable and middle strut,and that the corresponding sensitivity coefficient reaches the maximum when the outer hoop cable is ruptured.Thus,the safety margin of hoop cable and middle strut should be both improved.The presented evaluation index is more applicable to flexible cable domes and is effective in representing the sensitive degree of structure to cable-strut rupture macroscopically.

Experimental Investigation into RC Beam Under the Action of Alternating Load in Salt-Spray Environment

SU Lin-wang CAI Jian LIU Pei-ge CHEN Qing-jun WEI Mu-yang RONG Liang-wan

2017, 45(5):  97-104.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.014

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In order to simulate the coupling action of salt-spray environment and fatigued alternating load exactly,the national first marine environment-dynamic load coupling test equipment,which consists of a loading device and an environmental cabinet,was developed.Then,a series of experiments were carried out on nine reinforced concrete ( RC) beams under nine kinds of working conditions to test the parameters including loading frequency and beam's stress level.Experimental results show that ( 1) at the same loading frequency and depth,the greater the stress is,the larger the content of chloride ions is; ( 2) in a stress level of 0. 30 or 0. 50,greater loading frequency may result in larger diffusion coefficient; and ( 3) the penetration of chloride ions in the tensile area is more evident than that in the compressive area.From the comparison of the tested chloride diffusion coefficient D values of concrete with the ones calculated by the empirical formula for static load,it is found that loading frequency has an obvious influence on the penetration of chloride ions of the beam.

Study on reinforcement optimization of starting stratum of EPB Shield

2017, 45(5):  105-112.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.015

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Because of the accidents, such as landslide, water (mud, sand) gushing, happening easily when the starting and arriving of shield construction of subway tunnel, it was the most important problem to optimize the reinforcing design of stratum in the area. Combine with actual reinforcement in the starting stratum of the Shumuling shield tunnel of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan inter-city railway, the longitudinal reinforcement range of the end soil mass under different safety factors was calculated using elastic plate theory and the strength and stability of the reinforcement soil mass were checked using strength theory and slipper theory firstly; meanwhile, the transverse reinforcement range of the end soil mass of shallow shield was ensured using Terzaghi’s theory of rock pressure. The influence of the surrounding environments by shield-driven in the different reinforcement range stratum was analyzed using FLAC3D, according to the relevant monitoring specifications and design documents, the optimized reinforcement range of the end soil mass was ensured from the point of view of economy and stability, and the results were used in the actual engineering. Final, comparison with the data of numerical simulation and actual monitoring of optimal design scheme, both of the data matched well. The optimal design scheme was feasible. The research can provide some reference for the similar engineering.

Limit Equilibrium Analysis of Round Length in Tunnel Excavation

LIANG Qiao YANG Xiao-li CHEN Xiang

2017, 45(5):  113-119,128.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.016

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In order to determine the round length reasonably in the process of tunnel excavation,the logarithmic spiral failure mode of advanced core soil on the tunnel face is proposed,which consists of two parts respectively considering vaults and advanced core soil in the surrounding rock.Then,in light of Janssen's silo theory and Mohr- Coulomb strength criterion,a calculation formula of vertical force loading on vaults is established,and the formula to calculate the round length in advanced core soil on the tunnel face,which is governed by such relevant parameters as internal friction angle,cohesive force,support pressure and excavation height,is set up on the basis of logarithmic spiral failure mode.The results show that ( 1) the round length produces very important impact on the stability of tunnel face,especially in the construction stage; ( 2) the support pressure on tunnel face considering round length may increase rapidly; and ( 3) the reinforcement of cohesive force and internal friction angle is of great significance for the improvement of round length and tunnel face stability,while the support pressure is of a critical value in terms of affecting tunnel face.

Mechanics

Dynamic response and Damage Prediction of Composite Stiffened Panel Under Hail Impact

ZHANG Xiao-qing DING Tie LONG Shu-chang YAO Xiao-hu

2017, 45(5):  120-128.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.017

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In order to discover the damage characteristics of composite stiffened panel under hail impact,firstly,a finite element model of composite stiffened structure is established in light of Abaqus.Secondly,the process of hail impact is simulated by means of smooth particle hydrodynamic approach.Then,the influences of impact location,impact energy and impact angle on the dynamic response of composite stiffened panels are analyzed.Moreover,the panel damage and the delamination between panel and stiffener are also discussed.Finally,a comparison between the numerical results and the experimental ones is made to verify the accuracy of the proposed finite element model.It is found that,among various damage forms,tensile damage of the matrix and delamination damage between the panel and the stiffener are most significant; and that,when the impact point is at the edge of stiffener,the delamination damage between the panel and the stiffener becomes the most serious.

Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Elliptical Cylindrical Shells

HUANG Huai-wei RAO Dong-hai

2017, 45(5):  129-134.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.018

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In the assumption that the volume fraction of ceramic constituents in functionally graded material sobeys the power law distribution and that the material properties are temperature-dependent and graded in thickness direction,the coupled thermo-mechanical buckling of functionally graded elliptical cylindrical shells is investigated in light of the classical Donnell shell theory and Galerkin's principle.Firstly,the buckling governing equations of functionally graded elliptical cylindrical shells and the critical buckling temperature are analytically derived.Then,the temperature-dependent physical properties of the materials are analyzed respectively under uniform,linear and nonlinear ( considering heat conduction effect) temperature rise.Finally,the variation of critical buckling temperature with the eccentricity of section and with the parameters of material components is explored.The results show that,as the temperature-dependent physical properties affect the critical buckling temperature greatly,it should be taken into consideration in the thermal buckling analysis of functionally graded elliptical cylindrical shells,otherwise the critical buckling temperature will be overestimated by 15%; when considering the temperature-dependentmaterial properties,the uniform temperature rise as a simplified form of temperature may lead to an underestimation of the critical buckling temperature of the real structure; and that the critical buckling temperature decreases with the increase of ellipse section s eccentricity,radius-to-thickness ratio and parameters of material components.

A Probe into Mechanical Properties of Graphene/ SiC Composites Based on Molecular Dynamics

ZHAN Jia-ming YAO Xiao-hu LI Wang-hui

2017, 45(5):  135-140.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.019

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In order to discover the underlying mechanisms of tensile fracture of composites,the tensile mechanical properties of graphene /SiC composites are simulated on the basis of molecular dynamics ( MD) .The results show that ( 1) the interface between graphene and SiC may affect the mechanical properties of the whole composite systems; ( 2) in comparison with the damage of bulk SiC systems,the damage of the composites tends to nucleate and grow on the interface in the tension process; ( 3) graphene /SiC composites with different interface structures possess different mechanical behaviors due to the various interaction between graphene and SiC; and ( 4) in comparison with the contact of grapheme sheet with C surface,the direct contact of single graphene sheet with Si in the substrate results in higher strength and failure strain.

Dynamic Response Analysis of Hierarchical Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Structure Subjected to Explosive Load

SUN Guang-yong ZHANG Jing-tao LI Shi-qiang LI Guang-yao

2017, 45(5):  141-146.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2017.05.020

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Firstly,a hierarchical honeycomb structure is constructed by replacing each vertex of a regular hexagonal network with a smaller hexagon topology.Secondly,the dynamic response and energy adsorption property of hierarchical honeycombs subjected to explosive load are analyzed by using the finite element software LS-DYNA.Then,the influences of load condition and core-layer configuration on structure deformation and energy absorption are investigated.Finally,a comparison is made between the hierarchical honeycomb sandwich structure and the traditional one.The results show that ( 1) under low load,the deflection of the back panel of traditional aluminum honeycomb sandwich structure is relatively small,while under high load,the constructed hierarchical honeycomb sandwich structure possesses relatively small reflection and good impact resistance,and this superiority becomes obvious as load increases; ( 2) hierarchy parameter slightly affects the deflection of back panels but significantly affects the specific energy absorption of the core; and ( 3) the specific energy absorption of the core reaches the maximum when the hierarchy parameter is 0. 1.