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    25 July 2013, Volume 41 Issue 7
    Mechanical Engineering
    Huang Xiang Wang Qing- hui Li Wei- chen Li Jing- rong
    2013, 41(7):  1-6.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.001
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     Most artificial surfaces generated by the existing fractal surface generation algorithms are isotropic,which are different from most anisotropic mechanical surfaces.In order to solve this problem,the existing anisotropic surface generation methods are reviewed and the morphology of the anisotropic fractal surface generated by the method of frequency domain stretching is analyzed.Then,the method is improved by introducing an angle parameter in the frequency domain,which makes the direction of anisotropy controllable.Experimental results indicate that the surface obtained by the improved method is obviously anisotropic,that the fractal dimension of the extracted profile depends on the stretch radio,and that the surface filtering can be implemented by controlling the frequency component of the extracted profile,which makes the multi- scale resolution possible.Moreover,according to the anisotropy of the ploughed micro- groove's surface,the profiles are scanned by a surface coarseness profiling instrument Talysurf CLI 1000,and the fractal feature of the micro- groove surface is analyzed,based on which a geometrical model of ploughed micro- groove is established via the secondary development of AutoCAD.

    Duan Xian- yun Ruan Feng Zhang Sai- jun
    2013, 41(7):  7-12.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.002
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     In order to reveal the influence of grain boundary (GB) orientation on the plastic deformation of copper bicrystals (CB),first,a CB block was fabricated via the diffusion welding.Then,the equal- strain compression of CB in horizontal and vertical grain boundaries was carried out on a compressing test bed.Moreover,the microscopic morphology near the GB was observed and analyzed.The results show that different grain boundary orientations affect the slipping deformation of CB in different ways,and that,as compared with the CB in horizontal grain boundary,the vertical one is of more uneven distribution and extension of slipping line,higher stress near the GB,discontinuous and waved propagation of slipping line,more holes and cracks whose locations are much closer to or near the slipping line.

    Li Lin Ren Jun- lin Zou Yan- biao Lu Zhou
    2013, 41(7):  13-18,25.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.003
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     In order to accurately track the trajectory of mobile robot,a parameter tuning method based on the im-mune genetic algorithm is proposed.In the investigation,first,the structure model,the kinematics model and themotor control system model of mobile robot are constructed.Next,an improved immune genetic algorithm is em-ployed to optimize the parameters of the motor control system model.This algorithm,on one hand,not only consi-ders the fitness function of antibodies but also strengthens the competition among antibodies during the choice of thenext generation,thus guaranteeing the convergence rate.On the other hand,it takes the antibody concentration intoconsideration to reflect the communication between two antibodies,thus improving the global searching ability andmaking up for the lack of searching ability of conventional genetic algorithms.The step signal response of loadedmotor and the trajectory tracking of mobile robot are then dealt with on an experimental platform,with good res-ponse and accurate tracking ability for planned trajectories being obtained.It is concluded from the simulated andthe experimental results that the trajectory tracking based on the immune genetic algorithm is of high feasibility andmany advantages.

    Li He- xi Shi Yong- hua Wang Guo- rong
    2013, 41(7):  19-25.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.004
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    In order to implement the automatic visual guidance of 6- DOF robots in intelligent welding system,a new control model of uncalibrated visual servoing is proposed.In this model,multiple support vector regression (SVR) machines are used to estimate the Jacobian matrix of images,and the nonlinear mapping between the image feature and the robot joint angle is constructed.Thus,an uncalibrated visual servoing of welding robots can be carried out.The authors also put forward an image Jacobian matrix expression with Gaussian kernel and conduct visual guidance experiments of a welding robot with both eye- in- hand and eye- to- hand camera configurations by using the SVR- Jaco-bian estimator automatically trained under the control of computer.The results indicate that the visual guidance of welding robots using the SVR- Jacobian estimator converges at the desired goal and is superior to the conventional Broyden- estimator because it helps to acquire high dynamic response quality.

    Chen Yi- kang
    2013, 41(7):  26-31.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.005
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    In order to reveal the friction characteristics of elastic soft tissues under dynamic loads,the small intestine of rabbit is selected as a sample to test its friction characteristics in different stress- strain states,with steel No.45 base- ball,silastic base- polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) ball and Teflon base- ball as the coupling parts.The re-sults obtained with steel base- ball coupling part indicate that the average friction coefficient of the small intestine in-creases with the radial strain in a period- like law,and the results obtained with the silastic base- PMMA ball cou-pling part indicate that the average friction coefficient increases with the normal load in the presence of radial strain.Moreover,it is found from the results obtained with Teflon base- ball coupling part that the average friction coefficient decreases with the increase of normal load in the presence of axial strain.

    Song Lei Shao Ming You Dong- dong
    2013, 41(7):  32-37.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.006
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     Injection device is one of kernel parts of the squeeze casting equipment,and scrapping phenomenon is a pivotal technical problem that affects the smooth operation of the injection device and the lifetime of the shot sleeve.In this paper,first,the displacements of the shot sleeve and the plunger tip in radius direction are calculated by means of finite element method (FEM).Next,the cause of the scrapping phenomenon is qualitatively analyzed,finding that the scrapping is directly due to the clearance reduction between the shot sleeve and the plunger tip and that the nonuniform deformation of different areas of the shot sleeve and the plunger tip is also an important cause of scrapping.Then,based on the FEM results,a model to analyze the scrapping reliability is set up,and the scra-pping reliability of the injection device of KDJ-250T squeeze casting machine is calculated through Monte Carlo simulation.Finally,an approach to improving the shot sleeve is proposed.The results show that the proposed scrapping reliability analysis method helps to reasonably evaluate the injection device and choose a proper clearance between the shot sleeve and the plunger tip in design process.

    Li Yi- bo Zhang Meng Huang Ming- hui Lu Xin- jiang
    2013, 41(7):  38-44.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.007
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    During the low- speed running of heavy die- forging press,creeping and jittering may occur mainly due to the existence of nonlinear friction. In this paper,first,a dynamic performance test system of a 40 MN die- forging press running at low speed was established.Next,some isothermal die- forging experiments were carried out to obtain the acceleration of the cross- beam of the press running at the speed of less than 5μm/s.Then,based on the Stribeck nonlinear friction model,the friction parameters were identified and verified by using the particle swarm optimization algorithm.Finally,a T- S fuzzy model was constructed to describe the nonlinear friction of heavy die-forging press and was applied to a friction feedforward compensation control system.The results show that the Stri-beck model well describes the nonlinear friction of the die- forging press running at low speed and that the proposed feedforward compensation scheme based on the T- S fuzzy model greatly improves the dynamic performance of the system in the presence of nonlinear friction.

    Li Yong Chen Chun- yan Zeng Zhi- xin
    2013, 41(7):  45-49,55.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.008
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     In order to improve the heat transfer performance of micro heat pipes,a new type of micro heat pipe(GF) with capillary wick,which is made of fiber- sintered grooves with an external diameter of 8mm and an internalcavity diameter of 4.5mm,was experimentally investigated.Then,the heat transfer performance of GF2 and GF5,namely two types of GF respectively with the filling fiber length of 2 and 5 mm,was compared with that of thecomposite heat pipe (GA) fabricated by copper powder.The results show that GF is of better heat transferperformance.For instance,the wick porosities of GF2 and GF5 locally distribute and the average values respectivelyreach 71.6% and 76.3%.The maximum heat transfer power of GF2 is more than 140W,and,with an input powerof 20 ~70W,the evaporator,condenser and total thermal resistances are relatively low and keep unchanged respec-tively at about 0.04,0.03 and 0.07℃ /W.Moreover,with an input power of more than 70W,both the condenserthermal resistance and the total thermal resistance obviously increase,and the total thermal resistance of GF is stilllower than that of GA.It is also found that the evaporator temperature of heat pipe is closely related to the evapora-tor thermal resistance,and that the total thermal resistance varies in a trend similar to that of the condenser thermalresistance.

    Wang Zhen- min Zhang Qin Du Gui- ping
    2013, 41(7):  50-55.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.009
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     In order to meet the drive requirements for high- power modules,a low- cost high- frequency driver is pro-posed.In this driver,based on the magnetic insulation and modulation principle of modulated signals,the pulsesignal coupling and reconstruction methods are adopted to realize the reliable insulation and bi- direction transmi-ssion of driving signals,isolated DC/DC converters are used as the power supply to reduce the manufacturing costand enhance the isolation,the undersaturation detection and the blind- zone time optimization control are employed toprecisely detect short circuit/over current,the soft turn- off method is used to implement the over- voltage protection,and the preflexive mechanism is adopted to realize the fast and reliable protection of power module.Moreover,somedriving experiments on a high- power phase- shifting soft switching platform are carried out to compare the proposeddriver with some other parallel power modules.The results indicate that the proposed driver is of powerful driveenergy,low power consumption and temperature rise,perfect driving waveform and low cost,so that it fulfills thehigh- frequency driving requirement for high- power modules.

    Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
    Shao Yan Yan Ying Zhang Hui- ping
    2013, 41(7):  56-61.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.010
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    In this paper,first,the adsorption equilibrium data of phenol on activated carbon were fitted by using the Freundlich and the Langmuir models.Next,the adsorption kinetics of phenol in a finite batching stirred vessel was investigated at variable activated carbon dosage and initial phenol mass concentration.Then,a homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM),which considers both the film mass transfer and the surface diffusion resistances under nonlinear equilibrium isotherm,was set up and was solved by the finite element method.Moreover,the film mass transfer coefficient kand the surface diffusion coefficient Ds were calculated by means of the least squares method including alternate optimization search of the simplex and the Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm.Finally,the confidence intervals of kf and Ds were analyzed during the calculation with the Levenberg- Marquardt algorithm.The results show that the Langmuir model well describes the adsorption isotherm of phenol on activated carbon,that the proposed HSDM effectively evaluates the dynamic adsorption of phenol,that both the activated carbon dosage and the initial phenol mass concentration have little effects on the values of k f and Ds at constant stirring speed,that the kf value is much larger than the Ds value,meaning that the kinetic adsorption behavior of phenol on activated carbonis controlled by surface diffusion,and that the evaluated kf value is more precise than Ds value.

    Wang Qun- fang Ren Li Wang Ying- jun Yao Yong- chang Hou Si- run
    2013, 41(7):  62-67.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.011
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     N-acryloyl- glucosamine (AGA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) were used to prepare hydrogels via an in- situ forming procedure with photopolymerization,and1 H NMR was employed to reveal the com-position variation of AGA/PEGDA system during the gelation.Then,the chemical composition and morphology of lyophilized hydrogels were evaluated by means of FT- IR,XPS and SEM,and the effects of photoinitiator mass con-centration,AGA dosage and PEGDA dosage on the swelling ratio and the crosslinking yield were investigated.The results indicate that glucosamine is successfully incorporated into PEGDA hydrogel network,that the crosslinking yield reaches the maximum at a photoinitiator content of 0.6g/L,that the crosslinking yield of hydrogels decreases with the increase of AGA dosage but decreases first and then increases with the increase of PEGDA dosage,that the swelling ratio of hydrogels decreases with the increase of AGA and PEGDA dosages,and that a shrinking surface may occur at high AGA dosage.

    Yu De- hai Lin Zhao- yun Li You- ming
    2013, 41(7):  68-74.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.012
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    Stable ASA Pickering emulsions were prepared by using montmorillonite clay- particles modified by silane coupling agent KH570 as the particulate emulsifier of ASA and water,and the effects of pH value,oil- to- water ratio and particle concentration on the stability and sizing performance of the emulsions were investigated.The results indicate that the presence of modified montmorillonite remarkably improves the stability of ASA emulsions,that the stability first increases and then decreases with the increase in pH value and reaches the maximum at pH 7.0,that a phase inversion from an oil- in- water (O/W) emulsion to a water- in- oil (W/O) emulsion may occur at a oil- to-water ratio of 3:1,that the particle concentration is tightly related to the formations of the particle film at oil- water interface and the clay particle network in water,that higher particle concentration results in smaller droplet size andhigher stability of ASA emulsions,that the optimal particle concentration for ASA emulsions ranges from 1.5% to 2.0%,and that both the stability to hydrolysis and the sizing performance of ASA emulsions greatly improve due to the employment of modified montmorillonite.

    Wan Xiao- fang Huang Chun- liu Li You- ming Chai Xin- sheng Hu Hui- chao
    2013, 41(7):  75-80,93.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.013
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    In order to synthesize silicone- acrylate emulsion with stronger hydrophobicity,polydimethylsiloxane endedwith vinyl terminal groups was synthesized via the cationic miniemulsion polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane(D4 ) monomer,with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as the catalyst and with ethenylethoxydimethyl silane(EDEV) as the blocking agent.Then,the effects of polymerization temperature,DBSA dosage,blocking agenttype,EDEV dosage and EDEV addition time on the monomer conversion rate,the latex particle radius and thepolydispersity index (PDI) were investigated.The results indicate that stable polymerization product of siliconeminiemulsion,which is of a radius of 95.3nm,a PDI of 0.123 and a monomer conversion rate of 92.1%,can beobtained via the polymerization at 85 ℃,with a DBSA dosage of 6%,an EDEV dosage of 1.0% and an EDEVaddition time of 3h.FT- IR results show that the blocking agent effectively takes part in the miniemulsion polymeri-zation.TEM analysis indicates that the product is in a nano- structure.Moreover,a model is proposed to predict the D4 conversion rate of functional polysiloxane varying with the main technological parameters.

    Li Jing Liang Ju Zeng Cheng Li Xue- mei Li Hua
    2013, 41(7):  81-86.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.014
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    The calibration and cooling system is essential to the production process of extruded plastic pipes be-cause it determines the length of plastic pipe production line and the product quality.In this paper,according tothe temperature data of the outer wall,the calibration and cooling process of an extruded plastic pipe is simulatedwith the transient thermal analysis unit of ANSYS software in the combination of Newton’ s cooling law and theclamp force method.Afterwards,the convective heat transfer coefficients of three spray cooling water tanks in thecooling section of the plastic pipe,as well as the temperature field variation during the cooling process,areobtained,and an energy- saving analysis of the whole calibration and cooling system is conducted.The results indicatethat,from the viewpoint of energy consumption of a single tank,the convective heat transfer coefficients in currentoperation conditions is rather reasonable,however,from the viewpoint of energy consumption of the whole coolingequipment,the third cooling water tank plays slight role in the whole cooling process and the cold energy is seriouslywasted.

    Jiao Feng Deng Xian- he Dai Yu
    2013, 41(7):  87-93.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.015
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    The shell- side heat transfer and flow characteristics of self- supported rectangular converging- diverging tubes with different inserts (torus and baffle plate) were numerically simulated in a turbulence state with the Rey-nolds number varying from 27900 to 41900,and the results were compared with those without inserts.It is found that the insertion of torus and baffle plate results in the variations of velocity and temperature distribution in the channel and consequently leads to different heat transfer and flow characteristics,that the shell- side heat transfer coefficients of the two enhanced tubes respectively increase by 16.69%~24.32% and 38.01%~46.74% after the insertion,with the associated pressure drop increments achieving 74.02%~89.50% and 68.49%~87.16%,respectively,and that the tube with baffle plate is of the best overall shell- side heat transfer performance,while the baseline is of the worst.Moreover,it is indicated that the key to the heat transfer enhancement of a heat exchanger is to improve the heat transfer of the converging- diverging tube on the two sides of the channel,and that,from the viewpoint of field synergy principle,the reduction of the average intersection angle between the velocity vector and the temperature gradient is one of the essential factors to enhance the heat transfer performance.

    Zhang Lian- shan Deng Xian- he Yang Zhi- ping Wang Na
    2013, 41(7):  94-101.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.016
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    The natural convection heat transfer of water in a vertical converging- diverging tube (CD) with regularly-spaced twisted tapes was experimentally investigated and numerically simulated,and the natural convection heat transfer coefficient varying with the twisted tape number was explored.Then,the results were compared with those of smooth tubes,and the distributions of velocity and temperature,as well as the variations of heat transfer coeffi-cient and heat flux with axial distance,were simulated with Fluent.It is found that the heat transfer coefficient re-markably increases with the number of twisted tapes and keeps unchanged when 7 twisted tapes are inserted,and that the heat transfer enhancement is independent of the type of twisted tapes.Simulated results indicate that the flow resistance increases with the number of twisted tapes and that the optimal number of regularly- spaced twisted tapes is 7.The authors also primarily analyze the mechanism of the natural convection heat transfer enhancement interrelated by the CD and the regularly- spaced twisted tapes,discuss the change of average tangential velocity with the axial distance and point out that the enhancement of heat transfer is due to the increase of tangential wall velocity.

    Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
    2013, 41(7):  102-106.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.017
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    Proposed in this paper is a method to measure the temperature of micro flames using an auto- scanning micro thermocouple.In the investigation,first,the effects of thermocouple size and hot flue gas velocity on the measurement error are theoretically analyzed.Next,the effects of data acquisition time interval and thermocouple moving velocity on the measured flame temperature are explored in detail by the experiments of three linearly-arranged micro premixed jet flames.The results show that the temperature measurement error is less than 0.6% when the wire diameter of micro thermocouple is less than 50μm,and that,when the data acquisition time interval of auto- scanning is greater than 0.1s and when the moving velocity of thermocouple ranges from 1.82 to 4.22mm/s,the temperature measured by a 50- μm auto- scanning micro R- thermocouple coincides well with that by the manual single- point long- time measurement,which means that the proposed auto- scanning micro thermocouple method helps to measure the temperature of micro flames rapidly and accurately.

    Computer Science & Technology
    Harold Mouchère Li Jin- peng Christian Viard- Gaudin Chen Zhao- xin
    2013, 41(7):  107-113.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.018
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    Dynamic time warping (DTW) is a famous algorithm to compare two mono- stroke symbols online.It obeys boundary and continuity constraints and possesses high recognition rate.The extension of DTW to multi-stroke symbols raises specific problems.A naive solution is to convert the multi- stroke symbol into a single one via a direct concatenation in the handwriting order.However,people may write a symbol in different stroke di-rections and orders.The application of a brute force method by searching all the possible directions and orders leads to prohibitive calculation times.To reduce the searching complexity,DTW A * algorithm,which keeps the continuity constraint during each partial matching and reduces the searching complexity by using the A * al-gorithm,is proposed and is then tested on a flowchart dataset containing multi- stroke symbols.The results indi-cate that DTW A * algorithm helps to achieve the highest recognition rate and stability,as compared with such two other algorithms as DTW and modified Hausdorff distance.

    Chuanlin Liu Jeanpierre Guédon
    2013, 41(7):  114-119.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.019
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    Having very few projections of an image does not guarantee the reconstruction even in the case that the original image is only composed of 3 materials.Although previously developed line Mojette algorithm gives a solution in this case,an unicity is required.In order to solve this problem, based on the line Mojette transfrom,the tree decomposition is used to provide the complete set of solutions from a new algorithm denoted as“Tree Line Mojette”in the case that the original image contains only 3 materials (3 discrete values).

    Matthieu Urvoy Florent Autrusseau
    2013, 41(7):  120-125.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.020
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    In this paper,a new image watermarking algorithm is introduced,which is designed to be robust against print and scan (i.e.slight geometrical distortions and noise).The digital watermark is a square noise-like pattern that is embedded in the Fourier domain and is modulated at a high carrier frequency.Then,several embedding methods are evaluated with respect to their robustness against various distortions.The detection is blind; normalized 2D correlation between the watermark and the Fourier coefficients at the carrier frequency is performed.

    Xu Yong Zhuo Jun- bao Tian Xing Bu She- hui
    2013, 41(7):  126-130.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.021
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    Proposed in this paper is an interactive photo- browsing system based on the moving target detection.In this system,the Gaussian mixture model is used to construct a background model and the traditional RGB color space is converted into YCbCr color space to improve the robustness of the system to illumination varia-tion.Thus,the moving foreground target is effectively detected and the target object is further separated.More-over,in order to locate a moving object,the skin segmentation technology is combined with the Canny edge de-tection algorithm.The developed system is finally tested by experiments,with satisfactory results being ob-tained.

    Zou Du Chen Yu- qing Zhang Ling
    2013, 41(7):  131-136.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.022
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    The existing plagiarism detection methods mostly use the similarity to determine whether there is pla-giarism between two documents.Unlike the case in common duplication detection,in plagiarism detection,a small segment of duplicate text without any references may be identified as plagiarism.However,due to the effects of document size,duplicate text length and interferences,the existing plagiarism detection methods are all of relatively poor performance.In order to solve this problem,the relationship between the text semantics and the fingerprint order is analyzed,and a semantic matching method,which projects the fingerprint vector into a binary sequence to reduce the dimension and remain the position information of the fingerprint,is pro-posed.Then,the method is compared with the Jaccard distance method and the Hamming distance method through the test on the PAN public corpus.The results show that the proposed method is of the highest recall and precision.

    Wen Gui- hua Cai Xian- fa Wei Jia
    2013, 41(7):  137-144.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2013.07.023
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    Precise cancer classification is essential to the successful diagnosis and treatment of cancers.Al-though semi- supervised dimensionality reduction approaches perform very well on clean data sets,the topology of the neighborhood constructed with most existing approaches is unstable in the presence of noise.In order to solve this problem,a novel random subspace- based semi- supervised dimensionality reduction algorithm marked as RSSSDR,which combines the random subspace with the semi- supervised dimensionality reduction,is pro-posed.In this algorithm,first,multiple diverse graphs are designed in different random subspaces of data sets and are then combined to form a mixture graph on which dimensionality reduction is performed.Subsequently,the edge weights of neighborhood graph are determined through minimizing the local reconstruction error,such that the global geometric structure of data can be preserved without changing the local geometric structure.Ex-perimental results on public cancer data sets demonstrate that the proposed RSSSDR algorithm is of high classifi-cation accuracy and strong robustness.

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