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Table of Content

    25 April 2009, Volume 37 Issue 4
    Computer Science & Technology
    Guo Jian-hua Deng Fei-qi Yang Hai-dong
    2009, 37(4):  1-6. 
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    As the aiNet algorithm has no objective function and possesses a memory network with irregular and dynamic change, a new clustering algorithm of artificial immune network based on the objective evolution is proposed and is marked as OE-aiNet. In this algorithm, the compression and clustering based on artificial immune network is abstracted as a multi-objective planning problem, the objectives to which the memory network evolves is defined, and the quality of immunity learning is improved by adopting the vaccination strategy. Simulated results of kernel clustering and nonlinear clustering prove that  OE-aiNet is better than the existing aiNet algorithm in terms of clustering quality, compression quality and parameter sensitivity;  the average trace of class spread matrix of OE-aiNet, namely 4. 1420, is less than that of aiNet (4. 2575) ;  the compression ratio of OE-aiNet is 8.42% higher than that of aiNet; and  the clustering accuracy of OE-aiNet is not as sensitive to the compression threshold as that of aiNet

    Wang Jian-xin Kui Xiao-yan Huang Jia-wei Luo Yu-hong
    2009, 37(4):  7-12. 
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    In order to improve the throughput of wireless local area networks ( WLAN), this paper proposes a MAC (Medium Access Control) backoff algorithm named QIQD ( Quadratic Increase, Quadratic Decrease) based on quadratic curves. QIQD uses piecewise quadratic curves to respectively calculate the muhiplicator of the contending window after a frame collision and the divisor after a successful frame transmission, and overcomes the drawbacks caused by constant backoff factor, thus reducing the collision probability and improving the channel utilization. The backoff window threshold Wbasic of QIQD is then explored and extensive simulations are performed. It is confirmed that when Wbasic= 64, QIQD possesses the highest throughput and the fairest performances. It is also found from the simulations that QIQD effectively reduces the collision probability, improves the network throughput and enhances the fairness between any two stations.

    Xiao Peng Hu Zhi-gang
    2009, 37(4):  13-17. 
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    To deal with the resource co-allocation with the constraint of user budget in grid environments, this paper proposes a resource co-allocation model based on the three-side game. In this model, a new type of entity named Virtual Resource Retailer is introduced to transfer the typical resource co-allocation process into a three-side game process consisting of the user task, the virtual resource agency and the resource provider. In the cooperative game model, the benefit of resource providers is guaranteed by setting a wholesale price, while in the non-coopera- tive game model, the resource utilization and the user's cost are optimized by using a retail price lever. The validity and solution of the three-side model are then presented based on the utility function, and the effectiveness and performance of the model are verified by using the real grid workload based on a typical grid test-bed model. Simulated results show that, when dealing with the grid tasks with a cost constraint, the proposed three-side co-allocation model outperforms the conventional economy-based one by about 16% in term of resource benefit, and by 24% in term of resource utilization rate. Thus, the execution efficiency of grid tasks is effectively improved.

    Dai Wei-di Zhang Lu Wang Wen-jun Hou Yue-xian
    2009, 37(4):  18-23,45. 
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    When disposing of a real data set with skewed data distribution using most grid- and density-based clustering algorithms, effective clustering cannot be obtained due to the monotonic search employed in the algorithms. In order to solve this problem, a new clustering algorithm GDD based on grid density and distance is proposed. In GDD, the data space is divided into many grid cells and a transition function related to the distance from the current clustering center is constructed. Then, the density transition ratios of grid cells in the local area are compared with the computed transition function values of the current grid cell to determine whether the current cluster should be extended. Moreover, by using a transition function, some experiments are made with real and synthetic data sets. The results show that the proposed algorithm which is insensitive to noise data, can discover clusters with arbitrary shape, with a time complexity linear to grid number, and that the algorithm is suitable for the clustering of real large-scale data sets.

    Zhai Yan-long Su Hong-yi Zhang Han Zhan Shou-yi
    2009, 37(4):  24-30. 
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    As the centralized BPEL process can not provide sufficient supports for the dynamic process management, a BPEL process decomposition approach based on data flow optimization is proposed to support the decentralized coordination. In the approach, a BPEL process is represented as a program flow graph ( PFG), and data flow equations are deduced to analyze the data flow information. Moreover, the copy propagation algorithm is extended to optimize the data flow in the PFG, and the BPEL process is partitioned according to the optimized PFG. Experimental results show that, after the decomposition, the response time cost reduces by about 30% - 50% , and the computational complexity decreases from O( en) to O( n2 ).

    Tu Yong-qiu Li Shao-fa Wang Cheng Wang Min-qin
    2009, 37(4):  31-36. 
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    As the existing pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN) suh in blur patch and information loss during image smoothing, a models are of complex threshold functions and may remodified PCNN model L&A-PCNN with linear-attenuated threshold and weighted average gray level output is designed. The optimal value ranges of the key parameters of the new model are then determined via mathematical reasoning and experiments. Moreover, the mixed noise which is difficult to denoise is recovered by combining the L&A-PCNN model with a median filter. Simulated results show that the denoising performance of the new algorithm improves by 5% -30%, as compared with the existing algorithms.

    Xu Ke-fu Qi De-yu Zheng Wei-ping Qian Zheng-ping
    2009, 37(4):  37-41. 
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    The effectiveness of the regular expression searching algorithms are proportional to the shortest path Lmin from the initial state to the final state of NFA and is inversely proportional to the prefix set Pref(RE) of the language that denotes the regular expression. In general, the elements in Pref(RE) are difficult to locate in the target text because the set of Pref(RE) is large. Proposed in this paper is a regular expression searching algorithm based on the Bloom Filter of which computation time to perform the query is independent of the string number. The proposed algorithm can fast locate Pref(RE) and perform a search with the speed immune from Pref(RE) , and, particularly, when multiple parallel Bloom Filters are employed, the algorithm may indirectly lengthen the shortest path. Analysis and experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm greatly accelerates the search of regular expressions, especially for the search of an regular expression set, and that the searching speed increases several times and even up to tens of times when Lminand Pref(RE) values are both large. It is thus concluded that the proposed algorithm is suitable for the fast search of multiple regular expressions on a large scale.

    Key words:regular expression matching; Bloom Filter; automaton ; pattern matching

    Bao Jiang-hong Yang Qi-gui
    2009, 37(4):  42-45. 
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    Knapsack problem is a classical combinatorial optimization problem. There are many important variations of the knapsack problem, among which the Multiple-Choice Knapsack Problem (MCKP) is the most complicated. In order to fast solve the MCKP, a theoretical analysis is performed in this paper, and a novel solution algorithm is proposed based on dynamic programming. Then, a complicated case is tested using the proposed algorithm. The re- sults indicate that ( 1 ) the proposed algorithm is 9.4 times faster than the genetic algorithm and 78 times faster than the conventional 0-1 integer programming method ; (2) the improvement of the mathematical model greatly reduces the solving scale of the knapsack problem ; and ( 3 ) the proposed algorithm makes it unnecessary to solve any linear programming problem.

    Mechanical Engineering
    Xie Jin Wan Qi-wei Wei Feng
    2009, 37(4):  46-51. 
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    In this paper, three characteristic parameters, namely, the valid grit protrusion height, the grit protrusion angle, and the grit protrusion homomorphy, are proposed to correctly evaluate the microscopic protrusion topography of grits after the dressing of the diamond grinding wheel. In the investigation, a SiC wheel dresser was employed to dress the diamond grinding wheel, and the protrusion height and the topography of grits on the dressed surface were measured. Moreover, the effects of grit size and dressing conditions on the valid grit protrusion height, the mean grit protrusion angle and the grit protrusion homomorphy were analyzed. The results show that (1) the valid grit protrusion height well describes the grit protrusion and equal-height properties of the grinding wheel surface; (2) #40, #80 and #120 diamond grinding wheels all have an obtuse grit protrusion angle, with an average value of 131°, 111° and 111°, respectively ; ( 3 ) the grit protrusion homomorphy describes the integrity of grit protrusion more preferably than the aspect ratio; (4) both a low depth of cut and a high feedrate for dressing may re- sult in a high valid grit protrusion ; (5) both a deep depth of cut and a coarse grinding wheel may result in a large grit protrusion angle ; and (6) the grit protrusion homomorphy improves with the decrease of depth of cut. It is thus concluded that the valid grit protrusion height, the grit protrusion angle and the grit protrusion homomorphy can all be used as parameters to evaluate the microscopic protrusion topography of dressed diamond grinding wheels.

    Yao Ping Xue Jia-xiang Huang Wen-chao Meng Wan-jun
    2009, 37(4):  52-56. 
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    In order to ensure the stability and controllability of the pulsed MIG welding, a self-developed soft-switching inverter was used to change the control waveform, and a droplet transfer phase was added in the falling edge of pulse waveform. The instantaneous current, the transient voltage, the dynamic resistance, the instantaneous energy, and the probability density distribution of current & voltage were then acquired and analyzed using a wavelet analyzer. Moreover, the effects of the droplet transfer current and its duration on the welding quality were investigated. Experimental results show that  adding a droplet transfer phase may result in a stable and controllable welding process;  the energy shortage due to a small droplet transfer current may cause a short circuit transfer and an unstable welding process;  when the transfer current is close to the peak value, the welding process is similar to the ordinary pulsed MIG welding process, which deviates from the goal of controlling the waveform;  at a constant transfer current, the welding quality improves with the increase of droplet transfer duration, attaining an ideal state when the duration reaches 7ms;  with further increase in transfer duration, the welding quality lowers due to the irregular droplet transfer caused by excessive energy; and  the optimal droplet transfer current and the transfer duration in experiments are found to be 160A and 7ms, respectively.

    Ma Xiang-jun Tong Yu-bao He He-zhi Qu Jin-ping
    2009, 37(4):  57-60. 
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    In order to reveal the flow characteristics of melt in spiral mandrel die for blown film, the melt flow field is investigated via a 3D numerical simulation using the CFD software Polyflow. The results show that ( 1 ) with the gradual fadeaway of spiral groove, the flow direction of the melt in spiral groove changes from the one along the spiral groove into the one along the mandrel axis; (2) though there exists a small circumferential velocity component in the initial area, the melt in annulus clearance mainly flows along the mandrel axis with the increase of clearance thickness ; and (3) the isobar of the melt in groove perpendicular to the groove becomes perpendicular to the mandrel axis, while that in annulus clearance inclining to the mandrel axis becomes perpendicular to the mandrel axis.

    Deng Jian-xin Shao Ming Li Yuan-yuan
    2009, 37(4):  61-65. 
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    The combination of the equipment and technologies employed in a casting process, namely the integration of a modern casting system, helps to improve the competitiveness of foundry enterprises. This paper analyzes the characteristics of modern casting system and divides the system into such 5 components, namely, the casting technology, the casting equipment, the assistant software, the management method, and the operating personnel & information. Then, an integration framework model is presented and a five-layer structure of the model, which includes the user layer, the information software layer, layer, and the database layer, is described in detail the equipment layer, the network protocol & operation system in terms of their respective tasks and component structures. It is indicated that the proposed framework expands the integration range of the casting system with strong extensibility and convenience, and that it guarantees the consistency, relativity and accuracy of the data in the casting process.

    Wu Jian-min Xu Jia-wen
    2009, 37(4):  66-69,79. 
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    Based on the movement of both the cathode and the anode in the electrochemical machining of an integral impeller, the velocity of the cathode was analyzed, and the velocity components influencing the machining gap were revealed. Then, by analyzing the characteristics of electrochemical contour evolution machining (ECCEM), the corresponding shaping law was investigated, and the equations to calculate the machining gap betweert the ca- thode and the anode were deduced. Moreover, some experiments were performed to verify the correctness of the proposed equations and to reveal the nonuniformity of machining allowance. Accordingly, a solution was presented to eliminate the error between the theoretical and the machining blades using the additional movements of kinematic axes. By the proposed solution, a workpiece meeting the technical requirements was finally machined through experiments.

    Fu Xiong-xin Xie Xiao-peng
    2009, 37(4):  70-74. 
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    The pose change of a vehicle may result in the base motion of flywheel battery. In order to solve this problem, a 7-DOF ( Degree of Freedom) dynamic model of the vehicle and a 5-DOF dynamic model of the flywheel battery rotor are established via the substructure analysis method, and a method to transform the base motion into the dynamics of rotor excitation is proposed. Moreover, the vibration amplitude of the rotor which varies with the base vibration due to the pose change of vehicle, is analyzed. The results show that the base vibration due to the pose change results in the variation of the force which is exerted on the flywheel rotor and which excites the 5-DOF vibration of the rotor.

    Liu Hal-chang Jiang Ji-hai
    2009, 37(4):  75-79. 
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    Proposed in this paper is a flow-coupled secondary regulation system (FSRS) integrated with flywheel energy storage, which recovers the potential energy dissipated as heat energy in the load downward process, stores it as the kinetic energy of flywheel and reuses it in the system. Thus, the difficulty in connecting hydraulic cylinder (fixed hydraulic motor) in the conventional pressure-coupled secondary regulation system (PSRS) is resolved and the conventional PSRS is extended. Afterwards, a mathematical model of the system is established and simulated. As the simulated results accord is correct. It is also found that input voltage is more than 4 V. well with the experimental ones, a conclusion can be drawn that the proposed model the nonlinearity of the system with a response time of 4 s becomes serious when the

    Zheng Jian-hua Li Di Xiao Su-hua Li Fang
    2009, 37(4):  80-85. 
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    The traditional code-centered development methods of CNC systems have made the system testing lag behind. They cannot guarantee system performances and often result in an increase in the development cost. To solve this problem, a new approach, which transforms the domain model to another model discerned by a third-party verification tool (Matlab or UPPAAL), is proposed to guarantee the system reliability in the model layer. In this ap- proach, several strategies including the rule definition based on the meta-model layer, the dynamic semantic attaching and the operation based on the design pattern are presented to meet the specific requirements for the semantic retentivity as well as the transformation consistency, terminability and extensibility of the model transformation. Then, a theoretical framework for the model transformation and two realization methods respectively with the point- to-point and the two-step transformations are described. An example of the model transformation from a CNC working mode model to a StateFlow model is finally presented to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the framework and its realization in terms of the modeling language construction, the mapping rule definition and the algorithm design.

    Ye Ting-dong Liu Gui-xiong Huang Guo-fian Chen Tie-qun
    2009, 37(4):  86-89,110. 
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    This paper deals with the scale feature calculation and the scale threshold optimization of multi-scale interpolation decoupling. A new approach to the decoupling of multi-dimension sensing information based on multiscale approximation is proposed. The multi-scale approximation of functions is used to rapidly acquire scale features without constructing any sensor eigenfunction, and the scale threshold and the corresponding interpolation methods are determined according to the scale order of sensing information, thus implementing a precise and rapid decoupling. Simulated results show that the proposed calculation method of scale features is simple and direct, and that, when the decoupling precision is set as 0. 5% , the calculated scale threshold reaches 2-4, and the shortest deeoupling time for the threshold is 80ms, with a decoupling error of approximately 0. 4575%.

    Ding Du-kun Zou Yan-biao Zhang Tie Xie Cun-xi
    2009, 37(4):  90-94. 
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    This paper proposes a self-tuning PID model to overcome the time variation of transfer functions of painting robot joints. In the investigation, first, a dynamic analysis of the painting robot is performed. Then, the dynamic functions of the joints are simplified via a numerical method, and the transfer functions of each joint are established. Based on the transfer functions, the PID controllers at different positions are designed by experiments and the corresponding controller parameters are determined. Moreover, mathematical models describing the relationship between the PID parameters and the joint angle positions are set up by means of the least square method. According to the proposed models, the PID controllers at the next sampling time are finally designed and simulated. The results show that the designed PID controllers with a rapid response and a position accuracy of less than ± 0. 1 mm basically meets the requirements of spraying.

    Chen Xiao-hui Sheng Tian-wen Yi Shu-ping
    2009, 37(4):  95-99. 
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    This paper deals with the ordering policy of spare parts in multi-unit systems, which is affected by various factors. In the investigation, first, the demand of preventive maintenance for spare parts is divided into two parts, one for the units with random failures and the other for the units with hidden faults. Then, by using the probability theory, a spare part demand model of exponential life-type units is established for the equivalent-cycle preventive maintenance. Based on the proposed model, two kinds of ordering policies of spare parts, respectively with initial inventory and ordering lead time, and their Visual Fortran simulation optimization algorithm, are presented, with the total cost of order and storage in service age as the optimization goal, and with the ordering times as the optimization variable. A case study is finally performed to calculate the economical order times, the ordering policy and the corresponding total cost of order and storage. It is found that the ordering policy of spare parts is periodical, and that the optimized ordering policy, which considers the initial inventory, the ordering lead time, the ordering cost and the unit storage cost of spare parts, provides an effective reference for the enterprises with different initial inventories of spare parts to determine a suitable ordering policy.

    Electronics, Communication & Automation Technology
    Long Xin-feng Li Yan-ling Liang Ping
    2009, 37(4):  100-105. 
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    In order to reveal the effect of a tunnel with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is used to simulate a ceiling flues on personnel evacuation in fire, the software of medium-scale fire with a heat release rate of 20 MW. The smoke pervasion and temperature distribution varying with the flue-outlet exhaust velocity and the flue setting are then analyzed in detail. The results show that  the setting of ceiling flues improves the smoke density in the tunnel from 40mg/m3 to 120 mg/m3 inside the flue outlet and to 100 mg/m3 outside the outlet;  the exhaust at smoke outlets accelerates the moving of smoke from the tunnel into the flue, and greatly reduces the smoke density and temperature outside the two flue outlets near the fire source, thus increasing the safety coefficient for personnel evacuation ;  at an exhaust velocity of 2.5 m/s, the volume fraction of CO outside the flue outlet approximates to a constant less than 13 ×10-6 after 300s, which offers a relatively safe space for personnel evacuation and fire rescue from both the upstream and the downstream; and  for the tunnel with ceiling flues, only two flues can be unlocked when a fire occurs.

    Zhang Xin-mei Chen Guo-hua
    2009, 37(4):  106-110. 
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    Clear projection velocity and flight trajectory of explosion fragments in chemical industry parks help to reveal the Domino effect caused by the fragments. In this paper, a formula is deduced to calculate the initial projection velocity of the fragments according to the theory of explosion expansion work and the state equation of polytropic process. The acceleration equations of flying fragments are constructed according to the variations of motion direction and force direction of the fragments. Moreover, the methods to analyze the flight trajectory and projection velocity of explosion fragments are proposed by solving the acceleration equations as well as by analyzing the boundary conditions. A case study is finally performed and the results indicate that the proposed formula of initial projection velocity and the analysis method of flight trajectory well reflect the basic projection laws of explosion fragments, and are both theoretically significant and practically valuable for the analyses of accident consequences and the Domino effect.

    Food Science & Technology
    Li Bing Guo Si-yuan Li Lin Li Xi-liu
    2009, 37(4):  111-115. 
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    Neural networks with nonlinearity correctly describe the dynamic process of microorganism cultivation. In this paper, the biomass of Bacillus cereus DM423 during a batch cultivation was measured by a soft-sensor based on the partial recurrent neural network (PRNN) , and a PRNN with the topology of 11-5-1 was constructed, in which the pH value, the temperature, the dissolved oxygen content, the glucose concentration at two previous times, as well as the delays and feedbacks of estimated biomass concentration at three previous times, were used as the input variables, the current biomass concentration was used as the output variable, and the BPTT algorithm was employed. The results show that the constructed network is of good generalization and that a mean square error of 0. 56× 10-3 is attained. It is also found that the the constructed network is robust in resisting low Gaussian noise, and is suitable for the accurate multi-step prediction of biomass of Bacillus cereus DM423 during a batch cultivation.

    Zeng Xin-an Liu Yan-yan
    2009, 37(4):  116-119,148. 
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    In order to reveal the effect of high-intensity pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on the stability of the dispersion system of soy protein isolate (SPI) solutions, the ξ potential, the types of amino acids and the surface tension were investigated, with 10mg/L and 20 mg/L SPI solutions as the samples. The results indicate that (1) with the increase of PEF intensity, the absolute values of ξ potential of the two SPI solutions first increase and then decrease; (2) the ξ potential of 10 mg/L SPI solution reaches -27.60 mV with a maximum absolute value at a PEF intensity of 10 kV/cm, while that of 20 mg/L solution reaches - 32. 57 mV with a maximum absolute value at 20 kV/cm ; (3) the variation of ξ potential accords with that of the content difference Dn/p between the negatively- charged amino acids and the positively-charged amino acids; and (4) with the increase of PEF intensity, the surface tension of SPI solutions first increases and then decreases at 25 - 35 kV/cm after a constant stage. It is thus concluded that PEF treatment affects the polarity and electronegativity of amino acids and further affects the interaction among protein molecules, thus resulting in the variation of ξ potential and solution stability.

    Song Guo-sheng Hu Song-qing Li Lin Guo Si-yuan
    2009, 37(4):  120-124. 
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    The content of freezable water in frozen wet gluten was determined by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to reveal the thermodynamic mechanism of ice crystallization during the ultrasonic-assisted food freezing. The shape and size distribution of ice crystals in the frozen wet gluten were also studied by means of scan- ning electron microscopy. It is found that  the freezable water contents (relative to the total water content) of wet gluten frozen respectively with an ultrasonic-assisted process respectively at 360 W, 440 W and a liquid nitrogen freezing process, namely 67.3% , 70.8% and 77.0% , are higher than that with the traditional freezing process (56. 9% ) ;  the samples frozen in different conditions are of different thermodynamic characteristics;  ultrasonic with suitable power accelerates the freezing of wet gluten and weakens the interaction between gluten and water molecules;  both the ultrasound-assisted and the liquid nitrogen freezing processes result in well-distributed ice crystals with a small size less than 4 μm, thus reducing the deterioration of gluten network ; and  as compared with the liquid nitrogen freezing process with high energy consumption, the ultrasound-assisted freezing process is more practical for food quality improvement.

    Wu Xue-hui Zhang Xi-mei
    2009, 37(4):  125-129. 
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    In order to make full use of the cake of camellia oleifera, theasaponin was extracted with microwave irradiation. Then, by the orthogonal test, factors affecting the extraction efficiency were analyzed, and the optimal extraction conditions were determined as: a microwave power of 800 W, a solid-to-liquid mass ratio of 1: 18, a raw material size of less than 180μm and an irradiation duration of 280s. In the optimal conditions, the yield of theasaponin reached 11.98%. Furthermore, by considering such factors as the microwave power, the irradiation time, the solvent dosage and the raw material size, a mathematical model describing the relationship between the factors and the extraction efficiency was established based on the Dark-Box method, and the parameters of the model were determined by means of the least square method with Matlab 7.3. The proposed model was finally verified by experiments, with a maximum absolute error of 0. 016% being obtained. It is thus concluded that the proposed model correctly describes the microwave-assisted extraction of theasaponin from the cake of camellia oleifera.

    Duan Li-hong Yang Jin-qing Ye Sheng-quan Chen Song-wei Guo Si-yuan
    2009, 37(4):  130-133. 
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    In order to reveal the adsorption properties of chitosan (CTS) and its derivative chitosan Schiff base (CSB) for Cr(VI) in magnetic field, the effects of the magnetic field intensity, the treatment time, the pH, value and the initial Cr(Ⅵ) mass concentration on the adsorption capacity were investigated. The results show that the saturated adsorption capacity of CSB for Cr(Ⅵ) increases to 0. 93 mg/g, while that of CTS is only 0. 34mg/g, and the corresponding time cost decreases from 120min to 60rain. It is thus concluded that magnetic field treatment improves the adsorption properties of both CTS and CSB.

    Lin Wan-ling Guan Rong Zeng Qing-xiao Zhu Zhi-wei
    2009, 37(4):  134-137. 
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    In order to reveal the factors affecting the brittleness of crisp grass carp, the textural characteristics of crisp grass carp and its dorsal muscle were investigated at various moisture contents, fat contents, protein compositions, and the average muscle fiber size. The results indicate that  the hardness, springiness, chewiness and resilience of crisp carp grass are respectively 11.14% ,3.43%, 15.75 % and 14.27% higher than those of grass carp;  the special textural characteristics of crisp grass carp are due to its low moisture content, high matrix protein content, small average muscle fiber diameter, and high muscle fiber density, especially to the last two factors.

    Zhang Yin Zeng Qing-xiao Zhu Zhi-wei Zhou Rui Han Guang-he
    2009, 37(4):  138-142. 
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    This paper deals with the ultrasonic-assisted gelling of tilapia ( Sarotherodon nilotica) surimi for the purpose of improving gel properties. In the investigation, the gel strength, textural characteristics and expressible moisture of surimi gel were determined, and the gel electrophoresis, the electron microscope analysis and the response surface analysis were performed to reveal the effect of ultrasonic treatment on gel properties. The results show that ( 1 ) when sumiri gel is treated with 28 kHz ultrasonic ( 100 W) during the gelling at 40 ℃, the gel strength of surimi increases significantly ( P 〈 0. 05 ) ; (2) ultrasonic treatment improves the adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, resilience, and expressible moisture of surimi gel; (3) the improvement of gel strength is mainly due to the interaction and overlapping of surimi proteins caused by ultrasonic; (4) the ultrasonic-assisted gelling at 58℃ for 13 rain is optimal for the gel property improvement; and (5) the gelling time cost of the surimi treated with ultrasonic is 10 rain less than that of the control group.

    Guo Juan Qiu Tai-qiu Yang Ri-fu Xing Xiao-yang Kong Ling-hui
    2009, 37(4):  143-148. 
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    In order to develop a new technology to extract onion essential oil, a 2-L equipment of subcritical water extraction (SWE) suitable for industrial production was designed and used to extract the essential oil from the red onion peculiar in Lingnan. The effects of extraction mode, extraction time, temperature and pressure on the yield and the sulphur compounds content were then analyzed, and different extraction solvents and extraction times were investigated in the liquid-liquid extraction procedure. The optimal conditions of subcritical water extraction of onion essential oil were finally determined as follows : a static extraction at 5 MPa for 30min, with a sequential programed temperature increasing from 100 to 150℃, and with petroleum ether as the extraction solvent for two extractions successively. The results indicate that ( 1 ) in the optimal conditions, the extraction yield of onion essential oil and the content of sulphur compounds respectively reach 0. 362% and 97.36g/kg; (2) as compared with the conventional steam distillation and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, the subcritical water extraction costs less extraction time, and possesses high efficiency, low energy consumption and high product quality, etc. ; and (3) the designed 2-L equipment of SWE is highly automatic and is convenient to operate.

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