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Table of Content

    25 December 2021, Volume 49 Issue 12
    2021, 49(12):  0. 
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    Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
    CHEN Gang, ZHANG Mengli, WEI Yuan, JIANG Chenying, LI Fang
    2021, 49(12):  1-7.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.200789
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    Based on the surface sizing process in the papermaking field and simple inkjet printing technology, a hydrophilic microfluidic channel was constructed on the surface of the paper. Taking the wettability of the paper surface and the diffusion property of the liquid in the channel as the evaluation criteria, the paper studied the effect of surface sizing agent ratio and calendering treatment on the diffusion behavior of fluid in the microfluidic channel. First, the cellulose paper was hydrophobically modified by using a surface sizing agent with a ratio of 7∶3 (msurface sizing starch/mAKD), and then the modified paper was calendered at the pressure of 2MPa with a speed of 3.5m/min. The results demonstrated that constructed microfluidic channel exhibited an excellent liquid limiting performance. In these hydrophilic channels, the liquid can achieve a complete directional diffusion, and the z-direction liquid diffusion problem was also solved. Finally, the paper-based chip was further applied for the quantitative detection of nitrite, which shows that there is a good correlation between the solution mass concentration and the color difference value of the chip surface. The corresponding curve fitting equation is y=1.799+8.745x0.453  and the correlation coefficient is 0.9935.
    HUANG Qiang WANG Mengxin ZHANG Can WANG Zhigang LIU Bao LU Zhimin
    2021, 49(12):  8-15.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.210052
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    Glucose and octenylsuccinate anhydride (OSA) were modified by esterification. The synthetic octenylsuccinate glucose ester (OSGE) was separated and purified to prepare OSGE with a sugar ester content of about 50%. Its irritation or interfacial properties were studied by taking linear sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alkyl polyglucoside (APG) and cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB) as control group. Results show that the surface tension of OSGE and LAS is about 28mN/m; the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of surfactant follows the order: OSGE < LAS < APG < CAB; the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of OSGE is 16.90, indicating its highest hydrophilic property. No significant difference was found among OSGE, LAS and APG in emulsification ability, while irritation of OSGE is much lower than that of other three surfactants. 

    LIU Shumei CHEN Jiajun WU Yancheng ZHAO Jianqing
    2021, 49(12):  16-22.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.200778
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    The cardo-type polyimides containing hydroxyl groups (PI-OH) were synthesized with one-step chemical imidzation method by taking hydroxyl-containing fluorene diamine and 44′-(44′-Isopropylidenediphenoxy) diphthalic anhydride as substrates. Then, cardo-type polyimides with low polarity and bulky size propionyloxy side groups (PI-OA)/tert-butyldimethylsiloxy side groups (PI-OSi) were prepared by acyl oxidation or silyl ether reaction of side hydroxyl groups. The effects of side group substitution on the solubility, optical and dielectric properties, etc. of PI-OH were systematically investigated. The results show  that the polarity and size of side groups greatly impacts the performances of PI films. Compared with PI-OH, PI-OA and PI-OSi show better solubility, higher transmittances and lower dielectric constants. Both can dissolve in low polar solvents such as dichloromethane or acetone. Their transmittances at 450nm can reach 86.7% and 85.2%, their dielectric constants are as low as 2.75 and 2.63 (1MHz). PI-OA and PI-OSi exhibit lower glass transition temperature and higher thermal expansion coefficients due to the introduction of low polarity and bulky size substituent groups.
    YIN Shugui GUO Weike HUANG Dong ZHANG Huawei WU Houji ZHANG Chunhua
    2021, 49(12):  23-34.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.200639
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    As the casting film is very thin (micron scale), if the 1∶1 geometric model is used to simulate the heat transfer of thin film, the number of grids will reach 10 billion level, and the simulation calculation will become very difficult. Therefore, this paper proposed a heat transfer simulation model of thin film thickening. In other words, the geometric model of film is enlarged, while the geometric model of roller and cooling water pipe remains unchanged, which can successfully realize the heat transfer simulation of the film cooling process. The study show that the temperature field on the surface of the film and the roller presents a spiral distribution, namely,“channel trace”, which is consistent with the thermal imaging test results. At the position with spiral guide vane, the surface temperature of the film and roller is high, the temperature of the corresponding position of the cooling water channel is low, and the film temperature fluctuates up and down in the axial direction of the film, with an amplitude of less than±1℃. The cooling process of casting film on the tape casting roller can be divided into two stages:temperature quenching stage and temperature stable stage. The cooling of the film mainly occurs in the quenching stage, and the quenching time is 0.03s, during which the film temperature can rapidly dropped to less than 40℃ from 220℃. The increase of the cooling water velocity in the spiral channel has little influence on the temperature change of the film in the circumferential direction, but has great influence on the average temperature rise slope of the film in the axial direction. The relationship between the flow velocity of cooling water in the spiral channel of tape casting roller and the slope of film axial temperature rise given at the end of this paper can provide technical reference for the design of flow rate of casting roller.
    Mechanical Engineering
    CHEN Zhong XIE Shengyang ZHANG Xianmin
    2021, 49(12):  35-42.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.210019
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    Robot grippers play a key role in the reliable grasp and manipulation of easy-deformable micro objects. In order to realize gripper attitude adjusting at a large extent, this study designed a kind of hybrid compliant gripper based on electromagnetic drive. Firstly, the input stiffness, rotation couplings, displacement amplification and gri-pper force of the compliant gripper were modelled based on Catiglianos second theorem. Then the material and design structural parameters were defined through the proposed optimization method of staged compliant clamp me-thod, and a single optimal objective mathematical model was built. Based finite element analysis, the designed results were verified in the field of driving force, grasping range, and grasping force, which all reach the design requirements. Finally, the performance of compliant clamps was testified on the established experiment platform. The experimental results indicate that rotation range and precision of the designed gripper fit in with expectation, and can undertake the stable grasping task for flexible lithium-battery plastic shell.
    YOU Dongdong LI Jialiang LIU Gaojun YANG Shan
    2021, 49(12):  43-52.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.200628
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    The research on fault early warning method of large-scale nuclear power equipment has far-reaching significance for timely troubleshooting, reducing safety risks, cutting unnecessary costs and improving power generation efficiency. However, most of the traditional fault early warning systems of nuclear power equipment are real-time monitoring and alarm systems and havent made full use of the data value, so their early warning effects need to be improved. This paper proposed a fault early warning method based on Bayesian LSTM. The theoretical health value of time node was predicted by neural network and was compared with the actual value to find out the abnormal value. Firstly, the healthy historical operation data was extracted from the real-time database, and then a series of preprocessing were carried out on these data. Finally, the processed data was used as training set to establish the LSTM prediction model. The cross validation method was used to reserve the test set, and the goodness of fit, mean square error and Bayesian hypothesis test method proposed in this paper were used to comprehensively verify the accuracy of the model. After the generalization ability of the model was guaranteed, the data in the real-time database was predicted in real time, and the abnormal signals during fault creep were identified by threshold method. The experimental results show that the Bayesian-BiLSTM prediction model has better prediction accuracy than the LSTM model in the case of high time delay. In case 1, for the three time series outliers, the model proposed in this paper finds the abnormal signal and gives an alarm at least 15 hours in advance compared with the existing real-time monitoring systems, and its reliability is further verified by case 2.
    CHEN Songmao CHEN Yulin LU Zhongchen
    2021, 49(12):  53-60,68.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.210065
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    In fused deposition modeling, the quality of parts can be effectively improved by optimizing the control of the filling speed. However, the filling speed is intercoupled with layer thickness, nozzle temperature and contour corner angle, so it is difficult to optimize the speed control. Based on the bivariate printing experiments, this paper used multivariate nonlinear regression method to construct an optimized control function of the filling speed by considering multiparameter synergistic coupling effect. Combining error analysis, uniaxial tensile and bending test, the effect of the optimization control of the filling speed was tested. Results show that, under the same conditions of processing parameters, by employing the speed optimization method proposed in this paper, samples’ accuracy error values are less than or closed to the average minimum accuracy error value, and the tensile performance can be enhanced slightly. Finally, the influence of this method on the tensile properties is also verified through fracture microscopic morphology analysis.

    CHENG Wenming LI Hangfei DU Run WANG Yupu WANG Shubiao
    2021, 49(12):  61-68.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.200392
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    With the computational fluid software Fluent, the Realizable k-ε turbulence model was used to simulate the flow characteristics of the tandem double trapezoidal column with different spacing ratios under the Reynolds number Re=6.6×105. Seven kinds of interval ratios with interval ratio S* between 0.5~6 were selected to explain the aerodynamic coefficient, vorticity diagram and streamline diagram of the double trapezoidal column. The results show that the flow characteristics of tandem trapezoidal columns are similar to tandem cylinders and rectangular columns, and there are three modes of flow with different spacing ratios: Mode Ⅰ(Shieldeing regime), Mode Ⅱ (Reattachment regime) and Mode Ⅲ (impinging regime). There is critical interval ratio S*cr between modes. A shielding area is generated between the double trapezoidal columns at the interval ratio of S*<1; the upstream trapezoidal column trails reattach to the upper and lower surfaces of the downstream trapezoidal column at 1<S*<3. The double trapezoidal column forms its own vortex shedding at S*<3, and the vortex of the downstream changes from a single row of alternating drop (Mode Ⅰ) to a double row of drop (Mode Ⅱ, Mode Ⅲ) with the increase of the interval ratio. Affected by the upstream trapezoidal column trails, the structural stability and aerodynamic parameters of Mode Ⅰ are better than those of other modes.

    ZHAO Xuefeng YANG Yong QIN Hao LI Hui
    2021, 49(12):  69-78,112.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.200787
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    Passivation can improve the service life of the cutter, the stability of the cutting process and the quality of the machined surface. The edge of passivated cutter is not a regular arc. This paper used the method of discretizing the cutting edge axially into micro element cutting edge and was based on the basic theory of slip line field. Comprehensively considering the variation of ploughing force with cutting thickness and the characteristics of asymmetric edge shear, it pointed out the different cutting stages experienced in the cutting process of asymmetric edge cutter, and established the instantaneous milling force model of asymmetric edge cutter. Finally, a comparative analysis was carried out combining with milling experiments. The results show that the proportion of ploughing force decreases with the increase of cutting thickness in the whole cutting process; the milling force obtained from the model well accords with the experimental results. The correlation coefficient of the two is greater than 0.7, the ave-rage error is less than 5%, and the peak error is less than 15%. 
    Traffic & Transportation Engineering
    WEN Huiying JIANG Li
    2021, 49(12):  79-88.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.210014
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    To effectively define the spatial scope of urban agglomeration considering traffic conditions and urban economic links so as to assist the transportation planning and spatial integrative development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, firstly, the spatial pattern of raster grid highway traffic accessibility, road network density and economic connection intensity for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay area were calculated and analyzed based on geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis technology and modified gravity model. Then, different scales of urban hinterland were extracted and divided basing on highway traffic accessibility and urban connection degree. The research shows that the urban traffic accessibility of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area increases in a circle of “ core-periphery ” with Guangzhou-Foshan, Shenzhen-Guanzhou and other central cities as the center, while the traffic accessibility in  counties presents a distribution pattern of “ high in the middle and low at both ends”. The overall traffic accessibility of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay A-rea is at a high level, but all the cities in the Greater Bay Area have not yet achieved 1h access. Under the special development background of “one country, two systems and three customs zones” , the traffic linkages and coordination mechanisms between cities and within cities in the Bay Area are still relatively weak, and the traffic bottleneck problems in the inter-provincial and inter-city administrative boundaries are still prominent. The spatial network trend of economic connection intensity in the research area is significant. The leading cities such as Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Foshan and Dongguan have obvious radiation effects, while the low value areas are distributed in the marginal areas with poor traffic accessibility. The urban hinterland area considering traffic conditions and economic scale in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area does not match the corresponding administrative area. The urban hinterland of the two-wings in the Greater Bay Area is gradually “nibbed” by the central core cities. It is suggested to promote the internal space linkages between the central core cities of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area urban and to promote the population flow and traffic flow. Thus can give full play to the intermediary role of the secondary center in cross-regional cooperation, and ultimately achieve the regional traffic planning and management of the super-large area without administrative constraints and realize the sustainable and balanced development of the Greater Bay Area.

    ZHENG Yifeng QIAN Shengyu
    2021, 49(12):  89-100.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.200736
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    In the seismic control of bridge structures in the transverse bridge direction, viscous dampers and steel dampers are seismic control devices with high reliability, and both have been initially applied in several bridge projects. In this paper, a comparative study of the two types of damping devices was carried out in terms of their ope-rating principles, constructional realization form, mechanical behaviour and seismic damping effects. The mechanical behaviour of the viscous dampers was compared with that of the steel dampers in the literature. As to their seismic damping effects, the difference in response between the two devices and the bridge structure under the excitation of 28 seismic waves was discussed by taking a three-tower cable-stayed bridge as the example. Based on one of the 28 seismic waves, the causes of this phenomenon was analyzed from the perspective of energy. The results show that the different damping devices have different energy dissipation mechanisms, resulting in different dynamic responses, but the seismic response shows no significant change; the viscous dampers are more effective than the steel dampers in controlling the bridge cross-bridge ground vibration at the transition and auxiliary piers under Class I site conditions. 
    ZHANG Xiang YAN Quansheng JIA Buyu LIU Muguang YU Xiaolin
    2021, 49(12):  101-112.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.210051
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    The aerodynamic interference on the adjacent three separated deck bridges in different altitude difference ratios was investigated by CFD and is verified by the wind tunnel test. The altitude difference ratio (H/D0) is within the range of -2 and +2, where H is the difference of centroid height between the middle box beam and the two sides symmetrical composite girders and D0 is the height of the middle box. The numerical simulation results show that the downstream composite beams have an inhibition effect on the vortex shedding of the middle box beams in a certain range of height difference. At the actual spacing in project, the mean values of the aerodynamics of the adjacent three separated deck bridges are interfered with each other obviously and regularly in the range of H/D0 stu-died in this paper. The aerodynamic interference of middle box girder is the largest, that of the downstream girder takes second place, and that of the upstream girder is the least.

    DONG Yiqing WANG Dalei PAN Yue LI Xiaoya
    2021, 49(12):  113-123.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.210016
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    Manual inspection is one of the main tasks in the management and maintenance of bridges. The inspection results of various damages provided by manual visual inspection or measurement is the key basic data for the decision-making of bridge operation and maintenance. However, due to the lack of standardized batch-processing method for manual inspection data, this kind of data is not fully utilized in the past practice. With the traditional methods, the process of those data is laborious, high cost and low timeliness. Therefore, these methods can not meet the requirements of bridge management and research. In consideration of those massive original damage data collected by manual inspection, this study proposed a standardized manual-marked pavement damage data-processing method based on image processing. Firstly, the labeled electronic CAD data was collected by manual inspection, and the damage formed image rasterization batch-processing was carried out to produce the damage distribution bitmap divided by the anchor points of suspenders (or stay cables). Secondly, the area, length and other information of the damage were extracted through the searching and assessment of the image connected components. Finally, the standardized data was processed, analyzed and output by the computer according to the grid labels in no time, and the damage data analysis was carried out, which including damage type analysis, location analysis, horizontal distribution analysis and vertical distribution analysis. The proposed method realizes the rapid and standardized big data processing and collation of manual inspection damage data, and provides an effective basic data processing method for the related researches and targeted guidance of bridge maintenance. In addition, the proposed standardized batch-processing method is quite portable and can provide reference for the processing and analysis of large amount and wide range of other component damage data and other types of data in manual inspection.
    Qi LIU Bin Yu
    2021, 49(12):  124-132.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.210178
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    To solve the problem of low recognition efficiency and accuracy of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) in automatic detection of gray image cracks in two-dimensional pavement, this paper proposed a three-stage road crack extraction algorithm based on feature fusion between layers of transposed CNN. The algorithm includes area judgment, image segmentation, multi-layer feature fusion and other modules. Then this study constructed a classification segmentation network and trained several transposed convolution networks of multi-fusion classification network intermediate layer and divided network output layer. Their operation effect was compared with that of CrackNet. The results show that when the minimum recall rate of CNN-Ⅰ is set to 0.95, the accuracy is 0.497, and the threshold value is 0.003152. According to the training results of CNN-Ⅱ, the accuracy of classification segmentation network is 0.78, recall rate is 0.73, F-1 score is 0.75, and the time for calculating a picture is shortened to less than 0.79 ms. The crack information extracted by multi-layer feature fusion method is more accurate because this method retains the continuity of the crack and realizes the optimization of automatic recognition and extraction of pavement cracks based on CNN.
    ZHOU Lilan ZHANG Lele
    2021, 49(12):  133-142.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.200719
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    Numerical simulation of the resistance and sailing state of high speed amphibious vehicle in still water was conducted with the finite volume method based on Reynolds averaged equation to obtain the resistance characteristics of high speed amphibious vehicle in water. The mesh convergence of mesh was discussed by comparing the resistances of different mesh densities, and the numerical calculation method was validated by comparing the simulation results with model test results. In addition, the different resistance components of the amphibious vehicle were analyzed based on the calculation results of the multiple molding. Then, the changes of resistance and sailing states of the amphibious vehicle model with openings were calculated and analyzed. The results show that, for the amphibious vehicle in transition stage, the proportion of wave-making resistance to the total resistance increases with the increase of velocity (the maximum rate can reach over 60%), the proportion of viscous pressure resistance to total resistance is 30%~40%, and the proportion of friction resistance to total resistance is less than 10%. The resistance increases when the amphibious vehicle added with openings, and the resistance increases by about 11% and the draft increases by about 5% when Fr▽ is 1.297. Compared with the amphibious vehicle model with non-openings,  the amphibious vehicle model with openings shows changes in proportions of different resistance components to the total resistance: the proportion of wave-making resistance decreases and the proportion of viscosity-pressure resistance increases.
    Chao-Yi Li
    2021, 49(12):  143-152.  doi:10.12141/j.issn.1000-565X.210180
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    Underactuated ships are facing problems of interference of time-varying multi-source disturbance and sudden changes in control force at the turning points during path following. Aiming at the above two problems, this paper proposed an optimal control method by combining the extended state observer with model predictive control. Firstly, the ESO extended state observer was designed to compensate for time-varying multi-source disturbance and provide low-frequency control input. Secondly, a nonlinear MPC controller was designed to optimize the control force. Finally, the stability of the ESO-MPC cascade controller was proved based on the nonlinear separation principle. The simulation comparison with active disturbance rejection control method and MPC control method verified the effectiveness of the proposed ESO-MPC cascade control method.

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