Table of Content

25 August 2016, Volume 44 Issue 8

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Power & Electrical Engineering

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Flow Boiling Nano-Refrigerant in Rectangular Microchannel

LUO Xiao-ping WU Di FENG Zhen-fei TU Hua-ying

2016, 44(8):  1-7.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.001

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The nano-refrigerants respectively of 0,0. 031%,0. 062%,0. 155% and 0. 248% ( volume fraction) Al₂O₃-R141b particles,were taken as the working fluids to perform flow boiling experiments in the aluminum-based rectangular microchannels of a hydraulic diameter of 1. 33mm,so as to reveal the influence of the nanoparticle concentrations on the surface energy of the microchannels after the experiments.The results show that ( 1) after adding a small amount of nanoparticles,a massive amount of activation nucleuses form on the wall surface,which brings forward the onset of nucleation boiling ( ONB) and then enhances the heat transfer; ( 2) the nanorefrigerant of 0. 062% Al₂O₃-R141b achieves the best effect in enhancing the heat transfer,and its heat transfer coefficient can be increased by a maximum of 48. 1% in comparison with that of pure R141b refrigerant; ( 3) when the nanoparticle concentration is greater than the optimal concentration of 0. 062%,the particle deposition on the surface becomes serious with the increase of the nanoparticle concentration,which causes the surface energy and heat flow resistance of microchannels to increase,but with a decrease in the heat transfer enhancement; and ( 4) the surface energy of the microchannels treated with the nano-refrigerants respectively of 0. 031%,0. 062%,0. 155%,0. 248% Al₂O₃-R141b particles,increases respectively by 0. 47,1. 39,1. 89 and 2. 14 times,in comparison with that of the original microchannels before the experiments.

Investigation into Vibration Characteristics of Last Stage Blades in a Steam Turbine

ZHAO Wen-sheng WANG Peng-fei LI Yan-hui LIU Mei-qing JIANG Jin

2016, 44(8):  8-12.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.002

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A three-dimensional finite element model of last stage blades is constructed,and the static frequency and mode shape of the blades are analyzed.Then,the dynamic frequencies of the blades under pre-stressed conditions are calculated,and the effect of the operating speed on the vibration characteristic of the blade is investigated.Finally,the static frequency test,the dynamic frequency test and the vibration response test are conducted on a vibration test table.The results show that ( 1) the test results accord well with the model-simulated values; ( 2) the dynamic frequencies increase with the rotational speed,and they are greater than the static frequencies; ( 3) the rotational speed greatly affects the low-order frequencies; and ( 4) under the nine double frequency excitation of the rotational speed,a second-order resonance occurs,and the blades are more likely to suffer a fatigue failure.

Investigation into Deformation of Electroactive Actuators

CHEN Jie LI Yu-qi LIU Qing-fei HE Shan ZHAN Zhong-qiang

2016, 44(8):  13-17,25.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.003

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The structure and morphology of the dielectric elastomer VHB4910 under different pre-stretching conditions were characterized by means of IR and SEM,and the types and amounts of the elements in the conductive paste of flexible electrodes were analyzed by using an energy dispersive spectrometer.Then,by using VHB4910 and flexible electrodes,an electroactive actuator was prepared under the optimized conditions,and its strain response characteristics were tested.Moreover,the electroactive actuator with 0. 3% silver in flexible electrodes was compared with that with the flexible electrode free of silver by an experiment.The results show that,after the isometric pre-stretching,VHB4910 has a more uniform surface with a better strain,and that,at the voltage of 5 kV,the electroactive actuator with the flexible electrode free of silver has a larger deformation of up to 149. 8%,which may be related to“the quantum tunnel effect”

A Set of High-Frequency Resonant Converters with Switch-Controlled Capacitor

ZENG Jun SUN Wei-hua LIU Jun-feng

2016, 44(8):  18-25.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.004

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At present,the most effective control of resonant converters is the frequency modulation,but the wide variation range of working frequencies can reduce the performance of magnetic components and increase the design complexity.In this paper,a set of resonant converters based on controllable switched capacitors ( SCC) is proposed,which can effectively control the output of resonant converters at a constant frequency by adjusting the equivalent capacitance of resonant tanks.The superiority of the proposed SCC structure is demonstrated by analyzing and comparing different SCC topologies.Then,second-order and third-order resonant converters are combined with the proposed SCC structure,and the characteristic of a new SCC-LCL-T resonant converter topology based on the half-bridge phase-shift control is discussed in detail.Finally,the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed SCC structure are verified by simulation and experiments.

Fractal Characteristic of Projected Grayscale of Diffusion Flames from Moving Fire in Linear Motion

LOU Bo TIAN Fang WANG Ye

2016, 44(8):  26-31.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.005

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The image series of the diffusion flames of the moving fire in linear motion at the speeds of 3. 6,5. 4 and 6. 5m/s2 were acquired by using a high-speed video camera,and the structure charts of the flame images of different projected grayscales were acquired through the image processing.Then,the fractal structure characteristic of the projected grayscale was investigated.The results show that ( 1) the fractal dimension of the diffusion flame of the moving fire can be changed by the combined effects of both the buoyancy generated by combustion and the tangential force generated by the flame speed and its acceleration,and the structure of moving flames is complicated than that of static flames; ( 2) as the flame speed increases,the fractal dimension of the diffusion flames of different projected grayscales will increase in the combustion control zone,but decrease in the transition zone and fluctuate within a small range in the cross flow control zone; ( 3) the speeds of moving fire,at which the fractal dimension of the flame images of different projected grayscales reaches the maximum and the minimum,are greatly different,and the time to reach the maximum fractal dimension is shorter; and ( 4) the fractal dimension of the flame images projected grayscale decrease with the increase of grayscale,but the decrease is weakened when the acceleration and speed of the moving fire are higher.

Control Strategy of Zero-Sequence Circulating Current for Two Parallel Three-Phase PWM Rectifiers

ZHANG Hou-sheng SUN He-xu

2016, 44(8):  32-38,46.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.006

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In order to solve the zero-sequence circulating current problem existing in two parallel three-phase PWM rectifiers,by analyzing their equivalent average models,a mathematical model of the zero-sequence circulating current of the parallel system is constructed in a two-phase synchronous rotating coordinate system.Then,the control principle of the circulating current is discussed,and the symmetrical SVPWM ( Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation) control strategy with a variable zero vector duty cycle is explored.On this basis,a control strategy of the circulating current,which combines the repetitive control with the PI control,is designed,and a novel deadbeat control strategy is then proposed to suppress the circulating current by adjusting the voltage zero vector of SVPWM.The proposed strategy can effectively suppress the circulating current without additional hardware,and it has a fast dynamic response.Experimental results demonstrate that the model analysis is correct,and the proposed strategy can solve such problems as waveform distortion,current discrepancy and inductors unbalance.Thus,the system reliability is greatly improved.

Electricity-Saving Classification Method of Area Substations Based on Fuzzy Clustering

OUYANG Sen GAO Man-man YANG Jia-hao WANG Ke-ying

2016, 44(8):  39-46.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.007

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Area substations are numerous and diverse,and they have complex line loss and electricity-saving features.In order to effectively investigate the electricity-saving of area substations and scientifically classify area substations,an electricity-saving classification method of area substations is proposed based on the fuzzy c-means clustering.In the method,first,a comprehensive index system is designed for the electricity-saving classification,which includes the basic property index sub system and the electrical property index sub system.The basic property index sub system covers the basic parameters of substations,such as the capacity and number of main transformers.The electrical property index sub system covers the electrical parameters of substations,such as the transport capacity and the electricity consumption.Next,according to the influence of each index on the loss and electricity-saving features of the substations,the index weights are determined by means of the analytic hierarchy process ( AHP) ,and an electricity-saving classification model of the substations is constructed based on AHP-FCM.Then,numerous area substations are classified into several categories respectively by utilizing the designed comprehensive index system,the basic property index sub system and the electrical property index sub system.Moreover,the indepth understanding of the loss and comprehensive electricity-saving features of the substations are obtained by analyzing and comparing three kinds of electricity-saving classification results and the corresponding clustering results,which can provide guidance for the follow-up studies.Finally,the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by analyzing the actual data of 90 transformer substations.

Identification of Infrared Images of Cable Terminal Based on Radon Transform and Fourier-Mellin Transform

NIU Hai-qing WU Ju-zhuo XU Jia ZHENG Wen-jian

2016, 44(8):  47-52,59.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.008

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Abnormal heating may exist at the clamp,stress cone and tail of a bushing-type cable terminal in operation.In order to effectively identify the infrared images about the abnormal heating at each part,both the Radon transform and the Fourier-Mellin transform are introduced to conduct a feature extraction.In the proposed method,the original image is processed first through the Radon transform and then through the Fourier-Mellin transform.Moreover,an invariant function is defined,which is irrelevant to the rotation of original images and the variation of scale,and four feature quantities are extracted by using the invariant function.Finally,the extracted feature vectors are input into the BP neural network to perform the image recognition.The results show that the proposed method can effectively reflect the characteristics of infrared images,and it has a better recognition performance with a strong robustness to noise.

Influence of Aging Condition of XLPE Cable on Microstructure of Insulating Layer

LIU Gang WU Liang JIN Shang-er HUANG Jia-sheng

2016, 44(8):  53-59.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.009

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By testing two retired 110 kV XLPE cables and a spare cable,the influence of the aging condition of XLPE cables on the microstructure of insulating layers is revealed by means of PEA ( Pulsed Electro-Acoustic Method) and XRD.The results show that ( 1) the aging of the cables causes the size and crystallinity of insulation crystal to decrease,thus increasing the ability of the crystal to capture the space charges; ( 2) the aging process begins in the outermost layer of the cables,and a lasting aging has a greater influence on the intermediate insulating layer; ( 3) therefore,the intermediate layer may be the weak link where the breakdown occurs easily; and ( 4) due to the aging of XLPE cables,the microstructure characteristic changes from“high in the middle and low in both ends”to "homogenization”.

Smart Power Consumption Strategy Considering Satisfaction of Residential Users in the Process of Utilizing Electricity

LI Chun-yan LUO Hong-fei YANG Qiang WANG Dong ZHANG Peng

2016, 44(8):  60-67.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.010

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From the user's perspective,this paper constructs an optimal smart power consumption model of residential users by considering the satisfaction in the process of utilizing electricity.First,the characteristics of intelligent electric appliances are analyzed,and the operation constraints of non-interruptible and interruptible appliances are established.Meanwhile,the satisfaction of residential users in the process of utilizing electricity is defined according to their requirement for comfort.In order to distinguish users' preference for different electric appliances,the non-scheduling coefficient is introduced into the constructed model and is solved by means of the analytic hierarchy process.Finally,a simulation in the NYISO real-time pricing environment is conducted.The results show that the optimized consumption strategy can satisfy users' electricity demand and cut down their electricity bills.

Optimal Configuration of Capacitor-Type Blocking Device at Neutral Point of Transformer

XIA Cheng-jun XIE Ying-geng LI Meng SUN Wen

2016, 44(8):  68-73.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.011

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To configure the capacitor-type blocking devices at the neutral point of a transformer can be taken as an optimization problem.In this paper,a computing model of the power grid with blocking devices is designed.Then,based on the characteristics of capacitors,a mathematic model for optimal configuration is constructed by taking small device number and small sum of neutral point currents as the objectives.In the mathematical model,the particle swarm optimization algorithm is combined to cut off as much device cost as possible without affecting the blocking efficiency,thus achieving the best blocking effect at the cost of the least blocking devices.Finally,the method to solve the computing model is discussed,and an improved optimization algorithm is proposed and then proved to be effective by an example.

Seismic Coupling Effect of UHV Electrical Equipment with Flexible Bus Connection

ZHANG Xue-song LU Zhi-cheng

2016, 44(8):  74-81.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.012

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In the investigation,by using the finite element ( FE) analysis software ANSYS,a FE model of the UHV electrical equipment with the flexible bus connection is constructed,so as to reveal the seismic coupling effect of the UHV electrical equipment and the flexible bus.Then,the correctness of the constructed FE model is verified by the shaking table tests.Moreover,a configuration function and a sag formula of the flexible bus considering stiffness are deduced,and the factors influencing the seismic coupling effect of the UHV electrical equipment with the flexible bus connection,namely,the bus-redundancy,the frequency ratio of the equipment,and the geometrical size and elastic modulus of the flexible bus,are analyzed.The calculation results show that the existence of the stiffness of the flexible bus enhances the seismic coupling effect between the flexible bus and the UHV electrical equipment,which can further? increase the earthquake response of the UHV electrical equipment,and that,smaller redundancy,greater geometrical size and higher elastic modulus of the flexible bus as well as bigger difference in the frequencies of the UHV electrical equipment will enhance the seismic coupling effect.

Traffic & Transportation Engineering

Reynolds Number Effect of Unsteady Aerodynamic Force and Spectrum Characteristics of High-Speed Train

NIU Ji-qiang LIANG Xi-feng ZHOU Dan LIU Feng

2016, 44(8):  82-90.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.013

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In the investigation,the unsteady flow fields around the train at different model scales and different flow velocities are solved by means of the delayed detached eddy simulation ( DDES) method of the realizable κ-ε turbulence model.Then,the Reynolds number effect and scale effect of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of the train are discussed by changing the model scale and the flow velocity.The results show that ( 1) with the increase of the Reynolds number,the RMS ( Root Mean Square) of the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the train decreases but fluctuates obviously; ( 2) as the Reynolds number increases,the SD ( Standard Deviation) of the aerodynamic drag coefficient and lift coefficient of the train first decrease and then increase,and also fluctuate obviously; ( 3) the PSD ( Power Spectrum Density) of aerodynamic coefficients decreases with the increase of the Reynolds number; ( 4) the Reynolds number can affect the basic frequency of aerodynamic coefficients,but without obvious rules; ( 5) the aerodynamic force of trains brings about a significant scale effect; ( 6) with the increase of the Reynolds number,the scale effect of the aerodynamic force decreases,and the scale effect of the lift force becomes relatively significant; ( 7) the vibration scale effect of the unsteady drag and lift decreases with the increase of the Reynolds number,and the vibration scale effect of the unsteady lift force is more obvious than that of the unsteady drag; and ( 8) the scale effect has no effect on the vibration characteristics based on low frequencies and the PSD distribution of the aerodynamic force,but greatly affects the vibration frequency of the aerodynamic force and its PSD.

Three-Dimensional Highway Alignment Design and Constraints Modeling

GE Ting FU Xin-sha LI Hai-feng LONG Li-dun YANG Yong-hong

2016, 44(8):  91-97,105.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.014

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Highway geometric design is an important part of highway construction,which directly influences the safety and comfort of driving.In order to overcome the shortcomings of the separated horizontal and vertical alignment design methods,by adopting the curvature and the torsion as new alignment design indexes,a new method for the three-dimensional highway geometric design is developed based on the fact that the highway centerline is a three-dimensional curve in nature.Then,by analyzing the engineering constrains of the three-dimensional highway alignment design from the aspects of geometric continuity,vehicle stability and driving comfort,a constraint model is constructed.Finally,the design values of the three-dimensional alignment indexes at different design speeds are determined based on the current design guidelines and experiences and by integrating the constructed constraint model.This new design method can avoid the limitations of unmeasurable combined effects and geometric continuity degradation in the traditional design method,and it provides a new solution to improving the safety of highway alignment design.

Investigation into High Temperature Evaluation Indexes of Polyphosphoric Acid-Modified Asphalt

LIU Hong-ying XU Jin-zhi ZHANG Zhen-xing CHANG Rui HAO Pei-wen

2016, 44(8):  98-105.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.015

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The conventional high temperature performance test and the Superpave high temperature performance test were carried out by using different modified asphalt binders,thus achieving different high temperature performance indexes.Then,the relationships between the indexes were discussed.Moreover,the high temperature performance of asphalt mixtures was verified by the improved rutting test,and the correlation between the high temperature performance of the asphalt binder and that of the asphalt mixture was investigated.Finally,the modification mechanisms of the polyphosphoric acid ( PPA) -modified asphalt and the SBS compound PPA-modified asphalt were analyzed by means of DSC.The results show that ( 1) the softening point and the accumulated strain can evaluate the high temperature performance of different types of asphalt binders more accurately; ( 2) the addition of PPA can decrease the heat flow rates of both the matrix asphalt and the SBS-modified asphalt,thus improving their thermal stability; and ( 3) the cumulative strain can be used as a reasonable evaluation index of high elastic modified asphalt binder.

Mixture Composition Design and Interface Properties of Asphalt Plug Expansion Joint

XIAO Min-min

2016, 44(8):  106-113.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.016

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The interface of the asphalt plug expansion joint pavement and the bridge pavement is the weakest part of the structure of the expansion joint,and the interface properties have a close relationship with the mixture of the expansion joint.Therefore,it is very necessary to investigate the mixture composition design of the expansion joint.In this paper,the gradation and the optimum asphalt-to-stone proportion of the mixture of asphalt plug expansion joints are investigated by the Marshall test,and a compound trabecular specimen is designed to simulate the structure of the expansion joint.Then,by a direct tension test and an oblique shear test,the influences of the cement type,the mixture gradation,the temperature,the interface handling and the loading rate on the tensile and shear performance of the interface are analyzed.The results show that ( 1) the stone of the expansion joint mixture should be of a single particle size,and the optimum asphalt-to-stone proportion is 25%; ( 2) fine aggregate gradation,dry interface,no pollution and a certain roughness are advisable; and ( 3) the temperature rise and the vehicle loading speed decrease can reduce the tensile and shear strength of the interface more easily.

Validation and Numerical Calculation of Ultimate Bending Bearing Capacity of Extra-Dosed Bridges

HU Shi-xiang HUANG Qiao LIU Yi-he

2016, 44(8):  114-122.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.017

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In order to investigate the failure modes and ultimate bearing capacity of the beam of multi-span extradosed bridges,by using ANSYS,two three-dimensional solid element models of the Ningjiang Songhua River Bridge are constructed respectively based on the five-parameter Willam-Warnke yield criteria and the Drucker-Prager yield criteria.Then,the entire load range of the bridge,which is from a design load to a failure load,is analyzed respectively by using the two models.Moreover,the corresponding ultimate bending bearing capacities for the two models under three kinds of conditions are obtained and are compared with the calculated values based on the current bridge code ( JTG D62—2004) .The results show that ( 1) the average errors between the ultimate bearing capacities of the two finite element models and the bridge code results are respectively 2. 7% and 6. 5%,and the corresponding maximum errors are 5. 9% and 8. 6%,which means that the results based on the two finite element models accord well with the bridge code results; ( 2) the structure works at the elastic state when the ratio of the load to the designed live load is less than 3; and ( 3) the structure with the load on its midspan is of a minimum load safety factor of 2. 08.

Mean Shift Pedestrian Tracking Algorithm Based on Multi-Feature Probability Distribution

WANG Ai-li DONG Bao-tian WU Hong-yuan

2016, 44(8):  123-130.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.018

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For the traditional mean shift tracking algorithm,single feature and fixed nuclear window size may result in a track loss when the size and color of targets change.In order to solve this problem,a pedestrian tracking algorithm is proposed based on the multi-feature probability distribution and the mean shift.In the algorithm,first,a target model is constructed based on the color,outline and movement features,and thus the color,edge and movement histogram distributions are obtained.Then,a two-dimensional probability density distribution is created by means of the back-projection of the color and edge histograms,and the color and edge probability distributions are corrected by using the movement information.Moreover,according to the multi-feature weights,the correlation probability distribution of target features is achieved by the adaptive fusion method.Finally,the zero moment of the correlation probability distribution is used to adjust the size of the next tracking window,and by combining the mean shift tracking framework,a normal target tracking is realized.Experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is more accurate in extracting target features and can track pedestrians in complex traffic scenes.

A Travel Time Forecasting Model Based on Baseline Drift Correction

ZHU Guang-Yu DU Chong ZHANG Peng

2016, 44(8):  131-138.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.019

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Road travel time and its forecasting value are the important bases of urban traffic management and traffic information service,and they are also an important reference for travelers to choose their reasonable traveling routes.In this paper,first,a calculation algorithm and a preprocessing method of urban travel time data are presented.Then,the status of the baseline drift in road travel time series is analyzed,and a method to correct the baseline drift is put forward by utilizing the wavelet analysis method,so as to reduce the noise of travel time series.Finally,a road travel time forecasting model is constructed based on the auto-regressive and moving average ( ARMA) model,and it is proved to be valid and accurate by using actual data.

Driving Mode Selection of Intelligent Vehicles Based on Risky Situation Identification

YAN Li-xin HUANG Zhen WU Chao-zhong QIN Ling-qiao ZHU Dun-yao RAN Bin

2016, 44(8):  139-146,154.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.020

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In the development process of intelligent vehicles,it is a necessary and important stage that manual driving and automatic driving jointly play their roles,of which one key problem is selecting an appropriate take-over time from manual driving to automatic driving when a risky situation occurs.In order to improve the driving safety,according to the data collected from a real vehicle test,driving modes are divided into safe driving,warning driving and automatic driving,based on both the driver’s report and the risky situation levels obtained by means of the K-means clustering.Then,by selecting six impact factors ( namely,the average of speed,the time to headway,the standard deviation of steering,the standard deviation of acceleration,the distance away from the lane and the driver's experience) as the feature vectors,a driving mode selection model of intelligent vehicles is constructed based on the sequential minimal optimization ( SMO) algorithm with the radial basis function ( RBF) .Moreover,the constructed model is compared with the algorithms of ID3,RBF network and SVM.The results show that the constructed model achieves an accuracy of up to 91. 7%，which is significantly superior to those of the other three algorithms.

Double-Cycle Arterial Green Wave Coordination Control Method Based on Speed Guidance in Vehicle Infrastructure Integration

JING Bin-bin LU Kai YAN Xiao-wen WU Huan XU Jian-min

2016, 44(8):  147-154.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2016.08.021

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Aiming at the deficiency of the traditional double-cycle arterial green wave coordination control method,a new double-cycle green wave coordination control model is constructed for arterial signals.In the environment of vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-road communication,a double-cycle green wave coordination control method is proposed based on the speed guidance.Moreover,the passing effects before and after the acceleration and deceleration guidance are compared by cases.Simulated results shows that the acceleration guidance can effectively reduce the average travel time,delay and stops,and that the deceleration guidance can effectively reduce the average stops without increasing the average travel time and delay.