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    25 April 2014, Volume 42 Issue 4
    Power & Electrical Engineering
    Zhang Yong- jun Liu Lun Bai Xian- hong
    2014, 42(4):  1-6.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.001
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    In this paper,first,a stochastic model of wind power farm is constructed,and the influence of the windpower farm on the voltage and power flow of the power distribution network is analyzed.Then,the wind powerbranch and its parallel by- pass are both defined and simulated,and the transmission power of lines affected by thewind power farm is analyzed.Moreover,a mathematical model for conductor type selection,which takes into ac-count the power transmission capacity of both large- scale power grids and wind power farms,is put forward.Withthe help of this model,general laws of conductor type selection for wind power farms with different wind power ca-pacities in different integration positions are revealed,thus successfully implementing the selection and assignmentof overhead lines under the influence of wind power.Analytical results of examples show that the proposed methodis effective.

    Zhang Bao- zhen Zhang Yao Lin Ling- xue
    2014, 42(4):  7-12,18.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.002
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    As the existing estimation equivalence method for online safety analysis of power systems is of low accu-racy and weak convergence,a refined model of equivalent system,which comprises the equivalent generator andthe composite load,is proposed to improve the accuracy of dynamic equivalence,and a parameter identificationstrategy based on differential evolution (DE) algorithm is presented,Moreover,in order to overcome the prematureconvergence of DE,two differential evolution swarms with different variations are constructed,which help to in-crease the diversity of swarms and improve the convergence of DE algorithm through parallel evolution and regularmessage exchange.Simulated results show that (1) the improved DE algorithm with parallel swarms is effective inthe parameter identification of equivalent systems and is of simplicity and rapid convergence; (2) it helps to identi-fy parameters with high accuracy and strong robustness; (3) the obtained equivalent system model accords wellwith practical power systems and effectively preserves the main dynamic characteristics of the external system; and(4) the new estimation equivalence method is applicable for the online equivalent simplification of large- scale ex-ternal power systems.

    Liu Ming- bo Jian Gan- yang Dong Ping
    2014, 42(4):  13-18.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.003
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    Random outputs of photovoltaic generators and wind power generators take a great proportion in islandedmicrogrids,and the loads are random.However,certain power flow only reflects the operation state at a certain mo-ment.In order to reflect the real power flow distribution in islanded microgrids more correctly,probability models ofphotovoltaic generators and wind power generators in microgrids are constructed,and the power flow of a real islan-ded microgrid system is analyzed by using a calculation method based on the semi- invariant and the Gram- Charlierseries expansion,which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.From the results of stochastic power flowanalysis for the diesel generator on or off operation,it is found that the addition of storage devices helps reduce thevariation of voltage and guarantee the reliability of microgrids.

    Feng Xiao- feng Liu Ming- bo
    2014, 42(4):  19-25,58.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.004
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    Aiming at long- term voltage stabilization scenarios,an emergency voltage controller based on the action-dependent heuristic dynamic programming is designed and is applied to the long- term voltage stabilization of powersystems by coordinating different control schemes.In the investigation,first,an utility function is presented byusing the quadric form of the deviation between bus voltage and its reference value in each control period,and acost- to- go function is constructed by accumulating the utility function in future design.Then,a dynamic program-ming model for long- term voltage stabilization is established.Moreover,two BP neural networks are employed to de-sign the critic network and the action network,respectively,and the Bellman equation is employed to train the cri-tic network which approximates the cost- to- go function and the action network which produces optimal control out-puts,thus obtaining the solution of the dynamic programming model.Finally,a time- domain simulation of NewEngland 10- machine 39- bus system is carried out using PSAT,and the results verify the feasibility and effectivenessof the proposed method.

    Zeng Ai- dong Xu Qing- shan Ding Mao- sheng Lin Zhang- sui Xu Xiao- hui
    2014, 42(4):  26-33.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.005
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    With the application and development of distributed generation technologies,a large number of distribu-ted generators (DGs) are installed in the form of microgrid.In this paper,first,by taking the wind- storage com-plementary microgrid as an example and by considering the operation mode of the wind- storage complementary mi-crogrid in distribution networks,several reliability indices of load and system are calculated via the Monte Carlosimulation algorithm.Next,after analyzing the characteristics of random power sources,a reliability evaluationmodel of the wind- storage complementary microgrid is established.Then,a site selection of wind- power DGs is ca-rried out according to the simulated reliability results,and an island is planned after determining the energy storagecapacity.Moreover,the possibility of malfunction of microgrids after the island formation, which is due to the ru-nning out of energy storage caused by the time- varying load and the DG output,is discussed.Finally,a reliabilitysimulation is performed with the Monte Carlo method for the power distribution network with the wind- storage com-plementary microgrid.It is found that the reliability greatly improves when a microgrid is connected.

    Wang Sui- feng Chen Shao- nan Chen Bi- yun Zhang Yong- jun Zhang Yao He Ping
    2014, 42(4):  34-39.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.006
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    Proposed in this paper is a wind power prediction model considering both the smoothing effect and thewake effect,which helps to obtain the speed of wind turbines in different spatial positions by simulating the influ-ence of the wake effect on the wind speed and by considering the delay of wind transmission.The model also helpsto characterize the smoothing effect of power output by overlapping the power to shape power output curves.The re-sults of simulation and case study show that the proposed model is applicable for evaluating the impact of wind pow-er farms' input power on the system with high efficiency and precision,and that it accords well with practical windpower farms,so that it is useful for the correction of power units' reserved capacity and ramping rate as well as forthe appropriate assessment of power system reliability in the presence of wind power farms.

    Liu Gang Zhang Xian Chen Xi- yang Xu Zhi- rong
    2014, 42(4):  40-44.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.007
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    In order to make full use of the lightning location system to assess the lightning trip- out risk of transmis-sion lines,the lightning current amplitude data of Dongguan area from 1999 to 2008 were used to perform a statisti-cal and comparative analysis,analysing that the fitting curves respectively obtained by the regular method and theIEEE recommended formula and the improved IEEE formula all deviate from the actual current amplitude probabili-ty distribution.Then,a sectioned fitting method of probability distribution function for the lightning current ampli-tude was proposed,followed with a correction of the continuity of functions.Moreover,the lightning trip- out rate of110kV,220kV and 500kV transmission lines for Dongguan area were calculated respectively by the regular meth-od,the improved IEEE formula and the proposed fitting method.The results were finally compared with the mea-sured ones.It is demonstrated that the proposed method helps to obtain a probability distribution function which isclosely correlated to the natural probability curve,only with a sacrifice of correlation near the sectional point; andthat the lightning trip- out rate obtained by the proposed method is consistent with the actual operational data of110kV and 220kV transmission lines,but deviates from that of 500kV transmission lines.

    Jian Qi- fei Ren Qin Dai Chen- ying Li Zhi- ming Zhang Yong
    2014, 42(4):  45-51.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.008
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    Based on the theoretical analysis and experimental investigation of spraying plate- type evaporative con-densers,a performance test system as well as a corresponding model of the condenser was constructed,and the wa-ter- side and the air- side heat transfer performances of the condenser were discussed in detail.Moreover,some cal-culation correlations of the condenser were derived to guide the design and analysis of thermal resistance.It is foundthat wet- bulb temperature,plate spacing,water quantity and wind volume are the main factors that affect the heattransfer performances of spraying- plate evaporative condensers.

    Mechanics
    Han Qiang Wang Cai- hong Xin Dong- rong
    2014, 42(4):  52-58.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.009
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    The destruction process of armchair single- layered graphene sheets with central crack was investigatedvia the molecular dynamics simulation based on Tersoff potential function,and the corresponding stress- straincurves as well as the failure mode were obtained.Then,the effects of crack length,strain rate and temperature onthe tensile mechanical properties of armchair graphene sheets with central crack were explored.It is found that (1)the fracture strength,the fracture strain and the crack initiation stress all decrease with the increase of crack lengthand temperature; (2) with the increase of strain rate,the fracture strength and strain,the crack initiation stressand the average cracking speed increase accordingly; (3) the fracture begins around the central crack and exhibitsdifferent deformation mechanisms with the variation of crack length,strain rate and temperature; and (4) C-Cbonds break in both the center and the edge of graphene sheets at higher strain rates.

    Fu Ping Chu Xi- hua Yu Cun Xu Yuan- jie Qu Wen- zhong
    2014, 42(4):  59-69,76.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.010
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    Duncan- Chang model based on classical continuum theories cannot reflect the softening behavior ofgeotechnical materials and it lacks the parameters describing the failure of materials and the internal length scale re-lated to strain localization.In order to solve this problem,on the basis of the disturbed state concept and by intro-ducing the Cosserat continuum theory as a regularization mechanism,the response of materials in relative intactstate is described with the Duncan- Chang model,the mechanical behavior of materials in fully adjusted state ischaracterized with the critical state model,and two disturbance evolution modes,one of which is based on the volu-metric strain threshold as well as the conventional triaxial test curves and the other is based on the limit state of de-viator strain energy,are presented.Moreover,some numerical examples are given to reveal the effects of distur-bance on the bearing capacity and the strain localization behavior.The results show that both of the two disturbanceevolution modes well describe the softening behavior of materials,the latter mode is more reasonable than the formerin terms of the inclination angle prediction of shear band,and the developed disturbed state model above helps toreduce the mesh density- dependence of the results to a certain degree when it is used to simulate the strain localiza-tion phenomenon.

    Wang Hai- yang Huang Pei- yan Li Zheng- wei Hu Xu- li
    2014, 42(4):  70-76.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.011
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    According to the vehicle loading data collected by the weigh- in- motion system installed on a certain sec-tion of a highway in Guangzhou,including the lane,the motorcycle type,the axle load,the total weight,the velo-city and the vehicle transit time,the time- varying characteristics of vehicle spacing in vehicle flow are analyzed.Then,according to the analysis results,the effect of vehicle load on the bridge is simplified,and,by introducingthe concept of transverse load distribution,the 2D problem of random vehicle load is converted into a 1D one,which helps successfully obtain the stress- time process of the mid- span bending moment of the bridge.By using thestress- time data,a simulation method to obtain the random load spectrum of a highway bridge is proposed,and arandom load spectrum for random fatigue tests (experimental spectrum) is finally compiled.As compared with theexisting simulation method,the proposed method is more effective because it helps to simulate and compile the ran-dom load spectrum that accords better with the actual working conditions of the bridge.

    Jiang Zheng- wen Shen Kong- jian Wan Shui
    2014, 42(4):  77-84,90.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.012
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    In order to perform the fracture mechanics analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) plates,amethod for temperature field loading is proposed to establish a layered linear discrete model.Then,a comparativeanalysis of the proposed method,the gradient finite element method and the common finite element method is per-formed in terms of the stress field and the displacement field of the plates,which verifies the convenience and feasi-bility of the proposed method.Moreover,the displacement field of FGM plates with crack is calculated via the ex-tended finite element method based on the proposed method,and the stress intensity factors of crack tips are de-rived by the displacement extrapolation technique.Finally,by using the above- mentioned methods,the stress in-tensity factors of FGM plates with different gradient parameters.crack sizes and crack inclination angles are numeri-cally simulated.The results show that stress intensity factors can be effectively reduced by reasonably selecting thegradient parameter and controlling the crack size,and that the proposed method is applicable for the fracture me-chanics analysis of FGM plates with arbitrarily- distributed properties.

    Mechanical Engineering
    Jiang Ri- peng Li Xiao- qian Ju Zeng- ye Zhang Min
    2014, 42(4):  85-90.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.013
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    In this paper,a mathematical model is established to describe the interaction and coupling of acoustic,flow and thermal fields in the semi- continuous casting of aluminum alloy with ultrasonic treatment (UST),and thedistribution of acoustic,flow and thermal fields is numerically simulated with Fluent.The results show that ultra-sonic plays an important role in the distribution of flow and thermal fields; and that,at a fixed ultrasonic output am-plitude,a 20kHz UST for aluminum melt may result in ideal flow and thermal fields that speed up the heat andmass transfer as well as promote the transition of columnar grain to equiaxed grain.Moreover,it is found from mi-crostructure test that,after the UST,the microstructure of casting ingot is well refined,and the average sizes ofgrains in length and width directions reduce by 133μm and 32μm,respectively.The mechanism of grain refinementof large- scale aluminum alloy ingot caused by UST is finally analyzed based on the simulation results.

    Su Jin- zhan He Zhao- xia
    2014, 42(4):  91-96,104.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.014
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    In order to improve the meshing performance of gear drive,an Ease- offbased modification method oftooth surface is proposed for spiral bevel gears. By predesigning the contact ratio of gear pair,the symmetric para-bolic function of transmission error and the contact ellipse,a bidirectional modification of the pinion surface is per-formed along the contact path and the contact line,thus obtaining the target tooth surface.Then,a least- square op-timization model is established to identify the machine- tool setting parameters approaching the target surface via theLevenberg- Marquardt method based on a trust- region strategy.The results of numerical examples show that a set ofmachine- tool setting parameters approaching the target surface can be obtained through limited iterations,which en-sures the pre- designed meshing performance and keeps the maximum derivation of tooth surface within 2.0μm; andthat the pre- designed contact ratio,the transmission error amplitude and the contact ellipse all directly affect theiteration times as well as the precision of tooth surface modification.

    Jiang Jin- ke Fang Zong- de Su Jin- zhan
    2014, 42(4):  97-104.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.015
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    In this paper,first,a modified tooth surface was represented by a sum of two vector functions that deter-mined the theoretical tooth surface and the deviation surface,which was fitted by B- spline based on the tooth sur-face grid established by a profile and a longitudinal deviation curve.Next,according to the motion relationship be-tween the grinding wheel and the gear in the grinding process of helical gear,the wheel is formulated as B- splinecurves using a curve fitting technique by deducing the meshing equations.Then,a model of five- axis Free- FormCNC grinding machine was established and the kinematic relationships among the axes were derived based on the e-quivalence of wheel position vector.Moreover,an error correction model based on a sensitivity analysis was put for-ward,and each axis of the grinding machine was formulated as a six- order polynomial,and then a sensitivity analy-sis of disturbed polynomial coefficients on the topographic flank errors was carried out by estimating the wheel con-tact status.Finally,by using the minimum squared error as the objective function,kinematic parameters of the ma-chine tool are obtained via the PSO optimization.The results show that the five- axis CNC grinding machining,which is based on the back calculation of grinding wheel section with modified tooth surface,decreases the grindingerror effectively.

    Wen De- sheng Zhou Rui- bin Lü Jian- sen Chen Gong Du Yong- shuai Yang Xiao- yong
    2014, 42(4):  105-110,117.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.016
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    In order to obtain more working manners of cam motors,a double- rotor cam motor,whose displacementvaries with the inlet connection mode,was designed.Then,the rational torque and the speed of the motor at fixedflow and load were calculated under different connection conditions,and the torque ripples in different workingmanners were compared. The results show that the four input ports of the double- rotor cam motor are of six differentoutput combinations,three of which,namely the combinations respectively of two inside motors,two outside motorsand two inside/two outside motors,are of small output torque ripple; and that there are two kinds of differentialconnections of the double- rotor cam motor,in which the two outside/two inside connection can achieve low torque,high rotational speed and a theoretical torque ripple of zero.

    Liu Yan- hou Zuo Dun- wen Zhang Dan
    2014, 42(4):  111-117.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.017
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    According to the difference in station constraints,the bucket brigades assembly line (BBAL) is dividedinto three types,namely BBAL-1,BBAL-2 and BBAL-3,and the corresponding mathematical models are estab-lished to comparatively investigate the self- balancing and self- organizing performance of the three types of BBALs.It is found that (1) both BBAL-1 and BBAL-2 possess only one balance point and good convergence from anystates to the balance point; (2) the balance point of BBAL-3 is of uncertainty; and (3) BBAL-3 becomes self- ba-lanced at the balance point if the point exists,even though it cannot converge to the balance point from any states.The above- mentioned conclusions are finally proved by numerical simulations.

    Lu Nian- li Zhan Wei- gang
    2014, 42(4):  118-123,130.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.018
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    Proposed in this paper is a method to calculate the equivalent initial flaw size (EIFS) and its statisticaldistribution for crane's metal structure.The method,which is based on the Kitagawa- Takahashi diagram,uses fatiguelimit and fatigue crack growth threshold to calculate the EIFS,without the participation of randomly applied loads.Moreover,considering the effects of load sequence and crack closure on the predicted fatigue life,a frequency- do-main analysis method for crane fatigue life prediction is proposed based on the power spectral density of the load.Thefatigue life of crane box girder predicted by the proposed method is compared with the test ones presented in litera-tures,and a good consistency is revealed,which means that the proposed prediction method is applicable and reliable.

    Wei Wei Yang Zhi- dong Han Jun- wei
    2014, 42(4):  124-130.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.019
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    During the operation of hyper- redundant shaking table under loads,the mass matrix in the dynamic modelbecomes non- diagonal due to the existence of eccentric load,which may result in the dynamic coupling among vari-ous degrees of freedom (DOF). In order to solve this problem,a dynamic model of hyper- redundant shaking table,which includes a nonlinear model of the hydraulic system and a mechanical coupling model based on the analysis ofspace force systems,is constructed.Then,a coupling force observer based on the coupling model is introduced tothe DOF control structure.Moreover,the coupling force is regarded as a disturbance force loaded on the hydraulicsystem and is controlled by distributing it to each actuator through Jacobi matrix transformation.Finally,a feedfor-ward compensation control strategy of disturbance force is given based on the linear analysis of the hydraulic sys-tem.Simulated results indicate that the proposed decoupling control strategy for hyper- redundant shaking table iseffective in reducing the coupling among various degrees of freedom.

    Automotive Engineering
    Liu Yang Sun Ze- chang Wang Meng Zeng Ying- jie
    2014, 42(4):  131-136.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.020
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    In this paper,first,the structure of the electro- hydraulic braking system was analyzed,and the advanta-ges and disadvantages of coupled and decoupled schemes were respectively compared.Next,the distribution strate-gy of the braking force loaded on the front- rear axle,the regenerative braking force and the hydraulic braking forcewas investigated,and three coordinated control schemes were proposed and compared.Then,based on the vehicleparameters and the test data,a co- simulation model of the electro- hydraulic braking system was constructed withSimulink- AMESim.Moreover,two indexes,namely the regenerative energy efficiency and the estimated consis-tence with the driver's intention,were defined to evaluate the coordinated control schemes.Finally,a simulation ofthe schemes was carried out under NEDC and SC03 driving cycles.The results show that the decoupled brakingscheme is superior to the coupled one in terms of regenerative energy efficiency and estimated consistence,and thatit helps to achieve a regenerative energy efficiency of more than 50% under both NEDC and SC03 driving cycles.

    Chu Liang Wang Yan- bo Yao Liang Zhang Yong- sheng Wei Wen- ruo
    2014, 42(4):  137-142,148.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.021
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    The detection of drivers' braking tendency and the coordinated control of braking torque between hydrau-lic and motor braking systems are two key technologies for the development of a braking energy recovery system.Ai-ming at these two technologies,the parameters characterizing drivers' braking demand are acquired by analyzing thecharacteristic test data,and a first- order hysteresis filtering method with adaptively- corrected filtering time factor isadopted to calculate the braking demand based on the pressure of master cylinder.Then,the hardware constructionmodel of hydraulic braking system is established with Matlab/Simulink,and the coordinated control of motor andhydraulic braking torques is implemented via the proportional distribution of braking force.Finally,the target pre-ssure is achieved via deviation control.Simulated results show that the proposed method helps to obtain accuratebraking demand of drivers,achieve coordinated braking force control and ensure smooth braking intensity.

    Zang Meng- yan Song Zi- lin Yang Zhong- gao
    2014, 42(4):  143-148.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2014.04.022
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    The pedestrian head impact with windscreen is one of the major causes for pedestrian severe injury andfatality,so that the finite element model of PVB laminated glass for pedestrian protection has become a researchhotspot.In this paper,an equivalent modeling method,which uses one layer of shell elements to simulate the twolayers of PVB glass and adopts hexahedral elements to represent the PVB interlayer,is proposed.Then,the impactdamage process of windscreen caused by rigid impactor is simulated with LS_DYNA.Finally,by taking the consis-tency between the simulated acceleration and the experimental result as the evaluation criterion,the proposed mo-deling method is compared with other three methods.It is found that the modeling method proposed in this paper re-constructs the impact properties of PVB laminated glass better.

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