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Table of Content

    25 February 2008, Volume 36 Issue 2
    Traffic & Transportation Engineering
    Liu Wei-ming Fu Ling-feng Jiang Shan
    2008, 36(2):  1-6. 
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    In order to find a scientific approach to the decision-making of toll rate, this paper proposes an optimal model of multi-class toll rate based on the bi-level programming theory for the road network consisting of toll roads and adjacent roads. The upper-level programming of the proposed model describes the objective of network management for the maximum social benefits, and uses the revenue of proprietors as the restraint. The lower-level programming adopts a multi-class multi-criterion traffic equilibrium model to simulate the route choice behavior of road users. By solving the proposed model, the optimal charge rate of each toll road for different types of vehicles and the corresponding traffic assignment results can be obtained. Moreover, the solution steps of the model via the hybrid genetic/simulated annealing algorithm are presented. The results of a numerical example indicate that the proposed model can effectively improve the efficiency of the entire road network and better implement the pay equity among road users with different vehicle types.

    Luo Yu-tao Kuang Peng Liu Yan-wei
    2008, 36(2):  7-12. 
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    In this paper, a driving system of electric vehicle (EV) based on anti-direction dual-rotor motor (AD- DRM) is investigated, and the corresponding mathematical modeling and simulation are carried out. In the investigation, the influence of the two output shafts and their transmissions inertia difference on the driving performance is analyzed, and a model based on the dual-exponent model is established to calculate the longitudinal adhesion coefficient. Theoretical and simulated results indicate that ( 1 ) the driving system based on ADDRM is of the ability of swerve difference at a constant electromagnetic torque; (2) the transmission inertia difference of the two rotors has little effect on the acceleration of EV ; (3) at a small slippage ratio, the two wheels of EV have almost the same acceleration, speed and slippage ratio variation; and (4) if the transmissions inertia difference of the two rotors is restricted in a small range, the accelerations and speeds of the two wheels are almost the same even in slippage conditions.

    Wen Hui-ying Xu Jian-min Zou Liang
    2008, 36(2):  13-16,28. 
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    In this paper, the genetic algorithm is adopted to compute the shortest path in the dynamic networks unsatisfying the first-in-first-out (FIFO) principle, and a random A*algorithm is proposed to overcome the difficulty in obtaining the initial generation of the genetic algorithm. Then, based on the electronic map of Guangzhou city, a dynamic network containing 20000 nodes, 40000 links and 144 time intervals, which does not satisfy the FIFO principle, is proposed to test the proposed algorithm. Experimental results indicate that the genetic algorithm is suitable for the solving of transportation guidance problem in the dynamic networks unsatisfying the FIFO principle and possessing unstable states.

    Weng Xiao-xiong Weng Dan Ye Li-ping
    2008, 36(2):  17-22. 
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    As the urban traffic flow is a complex, changeable, nonlinear, unstructured and random system with large scale and temporal-spatial variations, the common methods with fixed threshold cannot effectively estimate the traffic movement condition. With the continuous development of the Intelligent Traffic System, it is imperative to find an estimation model which is suitable for the mixed traffic condition in China and accordant with the movement mechanism of traffic flow. In this paper, the multi-dimension state characteristics of mixed traffic flow are analyzed, and a four-dimension state estimation model is established based on the rough set theory. A two-dimension decision table is then obtained via data discretization and attribute reduction, and the rules of dimension-reduced state estimation for urban traffic system are presented by visualizing the model in a form combining both figures and tables. The results of a case study show that the proposed method can effectively eliminate the redundancy information of the system, reduce the system complexity and improve the precision of the mining rule.

    Zhang Xiao-ning Meng Yong-jun Zou Gui-lian
    2008, 36(2):  23-28. 
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    Gv, a rheological model-based index recommended by NCHRP, is usually used to describe the creep strength. In this paper, the repeated creep experiments of different asphalts were carried out in different modes to investigate the advantages and shortcomings of Gv in the evaluation of high-temperature performance of asphalt. Based on the experimental results, a new index Gv (t) which takes into consideration the delayed elasticity was worked out as an effective evaluation index of high-temperature performance, the rationality of which was then verified by experimental data. It is found that the proposed index Gv (t) overcomes the difficulty of Gv in fitting the residual deformation due to the delayed elasticity, and provides a new criterion for the selection of asphalt in pavement construction.

    Wang Jia-ni Tan Yi-qiu Zhang Shu-juan Bai Jing Jiang Zhen-jun Song Yan-xian
    2008, 36(2):  29-34,47. 
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    The long duration of the conventional strength-measuring method for lime-flyash treated broken stone may result in some difficulties in construction. In order to solve this problem, a new method to rapidly measure the strength is proposed, in which the conventional natural-pressure saturation and the curing temperature of 20 ℃ are respectively substituted by the negative-pressure saturation and the temperature of 60 ℃, and the strength correlativity between the rapidly-cured and the standard samples is obtained by statistical fitting. As compared with the conventional method, the proposed method, which shortens the testing time from 7 d to 10 h, is more integrated and systematic. The effectiveness of the proposed method is finally verified by its application to a construction project in Northeastern China.

    Chen Jun Yue Xue-jun Huang Xiao-ming
    2008, 36(2):  35-40. 
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    In order to overcome the shortcomings of the widely-used indexes that describe the high-temperature performance and temperature susceptibility of asphalt, this paper analyzes the visco-elasticity of asphalt by means of a self-developed consistency tester. It is found that the viscosity greatly affects the high-temperature performance of asphalt. Based on this conclusion, a concept of visco-consistency is proposed and the corresponding calculation method is presented. As compared with the dynamic stability of asphalt mixture, the visco-consistency is an effective index to describe the high-temperature performance because it can be used to evaluate modified asphalt. In addition, a consistency-temperature index and its calculation method are introduced according to the relationship between the temperature and the consistency, which is adopted to characterize the temperature susceptibility of asphalt. The recommended values of the two proposed indexes are finally presented.

    Liu Yu Zhang Xiao-ning Wang Duan-yi
    2008, 36(2):  41-47. 
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    In order to overcome the difficulty in the description of fatigue crack growth of asphalt mixture by the traditional Paris formula, the fatigue evolvement law of asphalt mixture in the crack growth stage was investigated based on the conception of energy consumption, and the fracture resistance and fatigue tests of three kinds of mixtures with different gradations were performed by adopting the semi-circular bending test method in a MTS testing system. Moreover, the initial cracking point and the fatigue destroying point were both defined. Experimental resuits show that ( 1 ) the asphalt mixture with gap gradation in the stress-absorbing layer is of better crack and fatigue resistances; (2) the accumulated energies in the crack growth stage accord well with the Miner linear hypothesis; and (3) the fatigue life of asphalt mixture is in good accordance with the fracture resistance. It is also found that the prediction model established by fitting the parameters of Van Dijk energy-consumption formula can conveniently predict the fatigue life of asphalt mixture in the crack growth stage .

    Yao Xiao-hu Han Qiang Li Lan-fang
    2008, 36(2):  48-54. 
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    In this paper, the torsional buckling of a multi-wall carbon nanotube embedded in elastic medium is investigated by considering the effects of the surrounding elastic medium and the van der Waals force. Then, based on the theory of continuum mechanics, a multi-layer elastic shell model is presented to analyze the torsional buckling of the nanotube. Moreover, an approximate method is suggested based on the proposed model, which substitutes an elastic shell with fewer layers for the multi-wall carbon nanotube. In particular, when the radius-to-thickness ratio of a N-wall carbon nanotube is more than 5, the nanotube may be approximately equivalent to a singlewall elastic shell, and the effective bending stiffness and thickness of the N-wall nanotube are (10N- 9) and N times that of the single-wall nanotube, respectively. The critical buckling torque of the multi-wall carbon nanotube is finally estimated by numerical calculation. The results demonstrate that the proposed approximate method is simple and effective.

    Yuan Pu Wang Duan-yi
    2008, 36(2):  55-57,63. 
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    According to the inherent variability of asphalt pavement parameters, some pavement parameters are generated by using the Monte Carlo method and the pavement mechanical model, and the variability of pavement mechanical responses is analyzed via the probability statistic method. A computer program is then developed on the Matlab platform to analyze the variability of pavement parameters and to further simulate the variability of mechanical responses. The results show that the simulated distribution of mechanical responses accords well with the practical one. The effects of variability of mechanical responses on the fatigue damage of asphalt pavement are finally discussed based on the fatigue damage model.

    He Zhi-yong Zhang Juan Wang Cun-bao Xie Bao-xin
    2008, 36(2):  58-63. 
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    According to the overall detected results of an expressway tunnel, a linear substitution relationship between the safety situation of tunnel components and the overall estimated results is deduced via the multi-grade fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, which is then used to evaluate the safety of the expressway tunnel. Practical application of the proposed method indicates that the method can objectively evaluate the safety of tunnel with quantified results. The research may provide some references for similar projects.

    Lei Bing
    2008, 36(2):  64-69. 
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    In order to effectively investigate the fire safety system for highway tunnels, this paper proposes a mathematical model and a physical model to describe the smoke flow in the tunnel, with the Tianfu Highroad Tunnel in Chengdu as the research object. On the basis of the proposed models and by using the CFD software Phoenics 3.6. 1, the fire smoke flow in longitudinal ventilation condition is numerically simulated. By means of simulation, the distribution laws of the concentration field and the temperature field of thermal smoke in different longitudinal ventilation conditions are obtained, the development of the smoke is analyzed, and the nasty instances caused by the fire and smoke in various tunnel sections to passengers are obtained. Some references for the fire controlling, passenger rescue and evacuation are finally provided.

    Mechanical Engineering
    Liu Chao-ying Huang Shi-sheng
    2008, 36(2):  70-73. 
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    In order to analyze the stability of welding arc and control the quality of submerged arc welding, this paper establishes a dynamic model to describe the burning of arc and the feeding of wire during the welding process. By using the welding arc as a feedback parameter, a linear proportional circuit and a Buck DC/DC converter are combined to form a mechatronic closed loop. The Buck DC/DC converter as the power supply for wire feeder is modulated via pulse-width modulation, and the closed loop as the fundament of system control is described by a differential equation. Moreover, a hybrid time constant considering the wire feeder, the welding arc and the electronic control circuit is presented as the major parameter reflecting the adjustment rate of the system. Analytical results show that, whatever the initial value is, the welding arc voltage Uare would reach a set value.

    Liu Su-yi Wang Guo-rong Shi Yong-hua
    2008, 36(2):  74-77,82. 
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    The camera and hand-eye calibrations are two important elements in the applications of vision robot. Aiming at a robot welding system with laser vision, this paper proposes a method for the simultaneous calibration of camera and hand-eye. The proposed method, which is based on the relationship between the hand-eye matrix and the matrix of the robot hand frame to the robot base frame, can simultaneously solve the camera parameters and the hand-eye matrix by one test. Calculated results show that the proposed method, which is easy to implement with high speed and feasibility, avoids the complicated experiments and solution process arising from the traditional methods, and is of a high calibration precision, thus meeting the requirements of seam tracking by robots.

    Li Zheng-min-qing Zhu Ru-peng
    2008, 36(2):  78-82. 
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    In order to effectively machine an orthogonal face gear, the geometrical design of tooth profile and the undercut condition for the gear are investigated via the enveloping method. In the investigation, first, a coordinates is established to describe the enveloping process of the gear, and the generation of the gear as well as the tooth-angle equation is studied. Next, the equations describing both the tooth profile and the transitional surface are presented. Then, the geometrical design of the tooth profile is simulated by using Matlab software. Moreover, the undercut of the face gear is analyzed and the corresponding undercut conditions are obtained. According to the calculated datum of undercut and the corresponding statistical results obtained via the least square method, an approximate engineering equation of undercut is deduced. The feasibilities of the theoretical calculation and the proposed approximate equation are finally verified by the practical machining of a face gear.

    Liu Nian-chun Mao Da-heng
    2008, 36(2):  83-88. 
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    The supporting plane board for nozzle is the pivotal component in electro-magnetic cast-rolling technique. Its structural stability greatly affects the stability of nozzle plane. In this paper, a three-dimension finite element calculating model for thermo-stress coupling analysis is developed with the finite element software package AN- SYS and is used to calculate the practical thermo-stress distribution in the supporting nozzle plane board. The resuits show that there exists remarkable thermo-stress in the plane board and distinct stress concentration, and that the thermal displacement in the plane board is rather large, especially in the vertical direction, which may result in the deformation failure of the plane board. The calculated results accord well with the practical measurement, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model.

    Xu Hong-hao Zuo Dun-wen Zhu Xiao-xiao Wang Min
    2008, 36(2):  89-93,100. 
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    In this paper, the thermoelastoplastic theory of plane strain was adopted to analyze the variations of stress and strain in the stretching-fixation milling process and to reveal the relationship between the initial strain and the residual stress. Then, a strain superposition model was proposed, which recognized the increase in residual compressive stress only when the stretching fixation produced positive initial strain. Moreover, the stretching-fixation milling of TC4 titanium alloy was performed at a milling speed of 38 - 566 m/min and an initial strain of 0 - 0. 003. Finally, the residual stresses on the machined surface were measured in the directions of 0, 30, 90 and 120 degrees from the stretching direction, respectively. Experimental results indicate that the variations of the residual stresses measured in the four directions are consistent with the initial elastic strains, thus demonstrating the correctness of the proposed strain superposition model.

    Liu Da-feng Liao Wen-he Dai Ning Wang Zhen
    2008, 36(2):  94-100. 
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    The measurement of scattered point cloud data is the foundation of surface reconstruction of a 3D object. This paper analyzes the principle of 3D measurement and proposes a novel 3D measurement and calibration method based on the grating projection by adopting the technologies of Gray code and phase shifting. A code-revising algorithm is also developed to deal with the error possibly caused by the image noise during the decoding process. The proposed measurement method possesses the advantages of both Gray code and phase shifting, so it is of simple coding, large measured range, strong jamming resistance, high resolution and good suitability for the object with continuous surface in small range. Experimental results show that the proposed method is of good practicality and stability because it may result in regular scattered point cloud data with high quality.

    Power & Electrical Engineering
    Ma Xiao-qian Liu Guo-hui Yu Zhao-sheng
    2008, 36(2):  101-106. 
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    In China, the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the incinerator is unstable due to the high moisture, low heat value and various compositions of the waste. In order to solve this problem, the method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is adopted to optimize the incineration of MSW with invariable composition. At a constant flow ratio of the primary air to the secondary air, a diffusion model for the packed bed and a transportation model for the components are established by adjusting the feeding ratio of the primary air in each air chamber. The two models are then used in different air distribution conditions to calculate the components and temperature of the gas on the bed surface as well as the temperature distribution in the furnace over the bed. Calculated results show that the variation of flow ratios in different air chambers greatly affects the gas combustion, furnace temperature and flow field in the incinerator, but slightly affects the burn-out performance of coke. Moreover, at a flow ratio of 1.4: 2. 8: 2.8: 2: 1, the furnace temperature in the incinerator reaches 1085.7K and the content of unburned carbon in the ash is up to 3.19 %. The calculated results accord well with the measured ones.

    Wang Hai-rong Ma Xiao-qian
    2008, 36(2):  107-111. 
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    By selecting the temperature as a characterization parameter and the pole parameter of AR model of temperature sequence as the feature parameter of front-end processing, the treatment of temperature signals by an intelligent system is simulated based on the spectral analysis and the time - frequency distribution theory , and then the recognition and diagnosis of stratification and rolling are performed for the liquefied natural gas (LNG) in tank. Moreover, the character-selecting method based on distance criterion is adopted to compress the feature dimension and to select an optimal character with good separability. The results of feature extraction for temperature sequence show that ( 1 ) from the stratification state to the rolling state, the center frequency of the main peak deviates from the increasing peak value ; (2) the fuzzy AR spectrum in the critical stratification and rolling states consists of both characteristic peaks and some other peaks ; and (3) the stratification and rolling states are of different characteristic parameters such as the center frequency, the peak value, the high-frequency energy and the high-frequency energy ratio. Moreover, the results of pattern recognition for stratification and rolling based on the Euclidean distance of AR model parameter indicate that the Euclidean distances in similar states are approximate to each other but are not equal to zero due to the randomness of temperature signals, and that the obvious differences in Euclidean distances in different states help to implement the diagnosis and recognition of stratification and rolling for LNG.

    Wu Zhi-jiang Zhu Dong-shen Zhao Qiang Tu Ai-ming
    2008, 36(2):  112-116. 
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    In this paper, a device for testing the performance of evaporative condenser with a vertical plexiglas tube was built up, and the influences of the inlet velocity, the tube height, the heat-transfer temperature difference and the spiral insert on the heat transfer performance of the proposed evaporative condenser were investigated. It is found that, at a certain temperature difference, the relationship between the Sherwood number and the Reynolds number of the falling liquid film is approximately linear, and takes on the form of a quadratic curve in the condition of spiral inserts, that an inlet velocity under 3.3 m/s may prevent the liquid from flooding, that there is an optimal tube height range of 0. 8 to 0. 9 m where the outlet air possesses the largest relative humidity, and that the heat transfer is greatly enhanced and the Sherwood number increases by more than 15% when the ratio of spiral insert diameter to tube diameter ranges from 0. 06 to 0. 29.

    Kang Ying-zi Hua Ben
    2008, 36(2):  117-121,127. 
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    According to the principle of minimizing the life cycle cost of chiller systems, this paper proposes an optimal model considering the variation of all-year cooling load to distribute the design capacity among different types of chillers in the district cooling system. The results of a case study show that ( 1 ) for a district cooling system with both the electrical and the absorption chillers as the cooling sources, if the electricity and steam prices are both determinate and the cooling load are constant, there is an optimal distribution of design capacity between the two kinds of chillers; (2) both the electricity price and the steam price influence the optimal distribution of design capacity, especially the former; and (3) the limitation of steam supply is an important factor affecting the optimal distribution of design capacity and the life cycle cost of chiller systems.

    Liang Ping Zhao Ming Long Xin-feng
    2008, 36(2):  122-127. 
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    The large amount of vanadium in Orimulsion may cause unexpected problems in the prevention of hightemperature corrosion of furnace. In order to solve this problem, the corrosion mechanism of vanadium at high tem perature is analyzed and the chaos theory is adopted to establish a corrosion-forecasting model based on the maximum Lyapunov exponent. The proposed model is then tested according to the depth of high-temperature corrosion of a pipeline measured by means of a resistance probe. Tested and predicated results show that the prediction is of high precision, and that the error of corrosion depth is less than 6% with the average being 3.58%. It is thus coneluded that the proposed forecasting model can effectively predict the high-temperature corrosion of metal and lay theoretical foundations for the forecasting of vanadium corrosion at high temperature.

    Jiang Jin-liang Wang Sui Ren Zhen
    2008, 36(2):  128-132. 
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    In order to overcome the drawbacks of the fault tree analysis (FTA) in the reliability evaluation of highvoltage circuit current (HVDC) transmission system, this paper proposes a novel method based on the Monte Carlo method and the FTA. In the proposed method, a fault tree is established according to the causes of system failure and with the component maintenance and backup dependency being considered. The fault tree is then simulated by the improved Monte Carlo simulation technique. Simulated results of a real HVDC transmission system show that the proposed method is feasible and effective .

    Wang Qi Liu Ming-bo
    2008, 36(2):  133-138. 
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    In order to improve the calculation efficiency and accurately identify the saddle-node bifurcation point (SNBP) and the limit-induced bifurcation point (LIBP), an improved continuous power-flow (CPF) algorithm is presented, in which the calculation process of P-V curve is divided into three stages, and the calculation with high accuracy is accelerated by matching a correct method according to the characteristics of the continuous power-flow calculation in each stage. Then, based on the analysis of the mechanism and characteristics of LIBP, a criterion to identify the LIBP is proposed. Moreover, the proposed three-stage CPF algorithm is used to identify the bifurcation points and to judge the key devices inducing the LIBP as well as the voltage/reactive power constraint exchange point closely related to LIBP. Numerical simulation and comparison are finally performed on IEEE 14-bus and 118- bus systems. The results verify the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

    Liu Lei Du Zhao-bin Guan Xiao-hong Zhang Yao Ni Yi-xin Shi Li-bao
    2008, 36(2):  139-146. 
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    In the long-term dynamics of large-scale interconnected power system (LIPS), some crises may occur due to the slow-frequency dynamics and the slow-voltage dynamics. As a result, large blackouts take place. In order to solve this problem, the slow-frequency dynamics for LIPS with preserved network structure is modeled and simulated, which is the first step in the controllor design for slow-frequency dynamics. By taking the frequency of COI (Center of Inertia) in an area as the uniform frequency of the area, the corresponding model describing the slow-frequency dynamics is proposed, and an algorithm for time-domain simulation is presented. The proposed method is finally applied to a 2-area 4-machine system and a 3-area 30-bus IEEE system. The results show that, as compared with the conventional transient stability program in the 4-machine system, the proposed model and method are both more feasible and effective.

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