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Table of Content

    25 June 2008, Volume 36 Issue 6
    Architecture & Civil Engineering
    Cai Jian Chen Guo-dong
    2008, 36(6):  1-5. 
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    According to the classical elastic stability theory of framework and the related research results, the stability equations of member bar group and the equations to calculate the effective length coefficient of compressive brace are deduced by considering the joint rigidity and the adjacent brace rigidity. Then, the tables for the calculation of effective length of compressive brace in truss are provided for engineering application. As compared with the existing calculation methods, the proposed equations are more general. Calculated and analytical results show that, by considering the rigidity restraint of the adjacent braces at the calculating joint, the calculated effective length of compressive brace in truss slightly decreases, and that, within most range of the rigidity ratio, the calculated effective length coefficients are smaller than those provided by current criteria.

    Pan Jian Hu Wei-wei
    2008, 36(6):  6-9. 
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    The working characteristics of a pile group containing raked piles are analyzed with a simplified model by means of finite element method. Two cases are considered in the analysis and calculation ( 1 ) the pile group is loaded by vertical and lateral loads but without horizontal ground movements; and (2) the pile group is loaded not only by vertical and lateral loads but also by horizontal ground movements. In each case, the effects of raked piles on some main characteristics such as the group settlement, the lateral deflection and rotation as well as the pile loads and moments are analyzed. It is found that, when the pile group is only loaded by vertical and lateral loads, raked piles obviously improve the performance of pile group, especially with respect to the reduction of lateral deflection. However, the bearing capacity of pile group decreases with the existence of horizontal movements of the ground because the raked piles may result in additional bending moments and lateral pile deflections.

    Chen Qing-jun CaiJian Xu Gang Wu Yi
    2008, 36(6):  10-16,46. 
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    In this paper, the experiments of the concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) column-beam joints with discontinuous column tube in the joint zone were carried out with 7 axial and 2 eccentric compressive specimens. The mechanical performances of two types of joints, including the failure mode, the crack load, the ultimate bearing capacity, the structural deformation and the strains of ring bars, steel tubes and longitudinal bars, were then investigated. In the joint of Type 1, the columns were separated on each floor, while in Type 2, the openings were cut on the column tube at the corresponding beam place. The results show that ( 1 ) under the constraint of concrete ringbeams and ring bars, the joints are of good ductility and high bearing capacity ; (2) the two types of joints have the same failure mode and similar mechanical performances; (3) both the ultimate bearing capacity and the strain of eccentric compressive specimens decrease with the increase of the eccentricity ; (4) the strains of the ring bars of eccentric compressive specimens tend to decrease from the tension side to the compression side, thus resulting inasymmetric constraints ; and (5) the strains of longitudinal column bars tend to decrease from the joint zone to the ends of the column.

    Cheng Bin Sun Hai-tao Xiao Ru-cheng
    2008, 36(6):  17-24. 
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    This paper introduces the theory and process of the configuration calculation of main cable for self-anchored suspension bridge based on the methods of segmental catenary and parabola, put forwards a nonlinear programming method for the iterative calculation by considering the flexural effect on the axial rigidity of the beam, and verifies the accordance of the proposed method with the traditional influence matrix method. It is demonstrated by the calculated results of self-anchored suspension bridge with typical span that, by using the parabola method, the calculation error of cable configuration of a completed bridge under constant loads is small enough for the general engineering design and construction, but the errors arising from the calculation of free cable coordinate and saddle pre-displacement are both significant. An error analysis of the configuration of the main cable for a self-anchored suspension bridge is finally performed by means of parabola method with respect to the rise-to-span ratio, the main span, the side span-to-middle span ratio and the stress safety coefficient of main cable.

    Mechanics
    Yang Yi Liu Ji-ke
    2008, 36(6):  30-34. 
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    A new deformation mode of the simply-supported beam is presented, which considers not only the deflection and slope but also the plane transmutation in the cross section. Then, the plane bending of the simply-supported beam is analyzed by means of the U-transformation and the four-node rectangular element, and the analytical displacements on the upper and lower surfaces under a concentrated load of magnitude in a two-dimension finite element mode are obtained. The displacements are compared with the deflection calculated on the basis of the material mechanics. Moreover, the applicable field of the classical bending deflection formulae of the simply-supported beam is discussed, and the corresponding precision is quantitatively analyzed.

    Deng Jun Li Shi-qing Huang Pei-yan
    2008, 36(6):  35-39. 
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    It has been confirmed that an externally-bonded carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) plate can effectively improve the strength and stiffness of steel-concrete composite beams. In this paper, the nonlinear finite element (FE) method was used to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity and stiffness of the simply-supported CFRP strengthened composite beams, and the effects of adhesive and shear studs were also discussed. Then, the nonlinear FE results were compared with the theoretical and experimental ones. Analytical results indicate that ( 1 ) both the stress-strain curve and the longitudinal strain of CFRP plate obtained by nonlinear FE analysis are in good agreement with the experimental ones; (2) the nonlinear FE model considering the joint is more accurate than the one not considering the joint ; (3) The effect of CFRP is not significantly displayed until the steel beam yields ; and (4) as compared with the results obtained by other analytical methods, the results obtained by the nonlinear FE model considering the joint are more close to the experimental ones, with an error of less than 2.5%.

    Huang Huai-wei Han Qiang
    2008, 36(6):  40-46. 
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    By taking into consideration the prebuckling effects, this paper investigates the buckling of imperfect functionally graded cylindrical shells under lateral pressure by using the Donnell theory of circular cylindrical shells and the prebuckling consistent theory, presents the corresponding critical buckling conditions with the aid of Galerkin method, and reveals the effect of an uniform temperature rise on the buckling by considering the temperature-dependent material properties. Numerical results show that ( 1 ) the critical load of functionally graded cylindrical shells is greatly affected by the structure size, i. e. , it greatly increases with the decrease of the length-to-radius raio as well as with the increase of the thickness-to radius ratio; and (2) the critical load increases with the volume fraction of ceramic constituent but decreases with the increase of the defect amplitude or the temperature rise of the surroundings. Thermal analysis also shows that, within a certain temperature range, the critical load of ceramic-rich shells is slightly affected by the temperature rise.

    Hu Ruo-lin Huang Pei-yan Zhou Xu-ping
    2008, 36(6):  47-51. 
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    In order to investigate the size effect of the fracture toughness of concrete, the size effect law deduced from Weibull's statistical theory was compared with that from Bazant's energy release principle, and three fracture parameters, namely, the initiatial fraction toughness (K1cini), the unstable toughness (K1cini) and the critical crack tip opening displacement (δc) were tested. Moreover, 18 three-point bending specimens of notched beams were fabricated and divided into 6 groups according to their geometric similarity with the maximum dimension of 1280 mm in length, 320mm in height and 163 mm in width. The full-process curves of the load-crack mouth opening displace-ment and the load-displacement at loading points, as well as the strain in front of the cracks, were obtained by using the MTS tester and the dynamic strain tester. Calculated results indicate that the fracture toughness conside-ring the influence of process zone on the crack tip exhibits a certain size effect, and that, as compared with the size effect law suggested by Weibull, the one suggested by Bazant is more suitable for the prediction of the fracture toughness of large-sized concrete.

    Xin Hao Han Qiang Yao Xiao-hu
    2008, 36(6):  52-55,61. 
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    This paper employs the molecular dynamic methods to numerically simulate the axial compression of both perfect and defective armchair single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with single- and bi-atom vacancies, and compares the temperature-dependant bearing capacities of two nanotubes with different lengths. Simulated results indicate that ( 1 ) the temperature dependence of the buckling properties of perfect SWCNTs improves with the temperature increasing, especially for the longer tube; (2) the vacancy defects on the tube wall decrease the bearing capability of the nanotubes significantly; and (3) the buckling properties of defective nanotubes are not sensitive to temperature.

    Traffic & Transportation Engineering
    Huang Xiao-ming Zhang Jiu-peng Liu Wei-min
    2008, 36(6):  56-61. 
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    On the basis of the viscoelastic theory and by substituting the pseudo strain for the actual strain, a criterion of indirect tensile fatigue of asphalt mixture is established and a prediction model of the fatigue life is deduced. Then, the model is used to determine the parameters including the creep compliance, the slope value, the relaxation modulus and the pseudo strain, and to predict the fatigue life of AC13 asphalt mixtures with the stress ratios of 0. 1 and 0. 15. Moreover, the prediction model is modified via indirect tensile fatigue tests. The results indicate that, as compared with the traditional testing methodS, the proposed model can predict the indirect tensile fatigue life of asphalt mixture more accurately with small discrete value, simple testing procedure and short testing time. A recommended correction coefficient of the proposed model is finally presented as 0. 713 - 0. 757.

    Zhang Xiao-ning Jiang Wang-heng Li Zhi Zhu Xiao-gang
    2008, 36(6):  62-66,77. 
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    The spreading effects of the pavement with or without the use of transfer cars were tested in whole scope via various methods and were analyzed for the pavements with the spreading widths of 12, 8.75 and 6.25 m. The uniformity of the compacted asphalt pavement surface was then evaluated by using the laser texture depth tester, and the inner uniformity of the pavement was detected by using a non-nuclear density gauge. Moreover, the temperature uniformity of loose-paved hot asphalt mixture was measured by means of infrared thermography. It is found that the non-segregation rates of both the pavement surface and the interior increase with the use of transfer car. It is also revealed by interior segregation appraisal and infrared thermogram that the effect of transfer car in reducing the segregation even exceeds the effect of too-wide spreading , meaning that the transfer car can effectively reduce the temperature segregation.

    Zeng Feng Zhang Xiao-ning Li Zhi
    2008, 36(6):  67-71. 
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    In order to determine a quantitative preventive maintenance program which is lacking in the Experience method, both the development history and the research status quo of the preventive maintenance technology are deeply investigated, and a design procedure of the preventive maintenance program is proposed based on the successful experiences in Guangdong Province for many years. Moreover, the methods of hierarchical clustering and dynamic clustering are introduced into the proposed procedure, and some specific steps of pavement segmentation are provided. The proposed procedure has been adopted to design and implement a practical preventive maintenance program of a freeway in Guangdong Province in 2007. The results indicate that the proposed procedure and the clustering methods are all effective and feasible.

    Zhang Peng Li Qing-fu Shen Jie
    2008, 36(6):  72-77. 
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    In order to reveal the effect of polypropylene fibers on the fracture toughness of cement-stabilized macadam, the three-point bending experiments of polypropylene fiber-reinforced cement-stabilized macadam and common cement-stabilized macadam were carried out. The fracture energy, the crack mouth opening displacement and the crack tip opening displacement of the specimens were also measured. Moreover, an appropriate volume fraction of polypropylene fibers was suggested, namely, 0.6‰ to 0.‰. Test results indicate that ( 1 ) the fracture energy, the ultimate crack mouth opening displacement and the ultimate crack tip opening displacement of cement-stabilized macadam obviously increase when the macadam is reinforced with polypropylene fibers, and gradually increase with the volume fraction of the fibers ; (2) with the prolonging of curing period, the fracture energy gradually increases with the curing period no matter whether polypropylene fibers are added in the macadam or not; and (3) with the increase of cement content, the ultimate load gradually increases while the fracture energy gradually decreases.

    Liu Wei-ming Huang Ya-fei
    2008, 36(6):  78-83,94. 
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    From the investigation into the current situations of the highway network toll collection in some underdeveloped regions with low transportation flows, it has been found that the charging on all the roads that can be tolled may results in the loss of some toll roads. Therefore, during the determination of the optimal network toll rate, the toll location should be optimized at the same time. In this paper, a bi-level programming model is proposed to solve the combined optimization of the toll location and the toll rate for highway network, the upper objective of which is the maximum consumer surplus while the lower one is the equilibrium of multi-vehicle stochastic users with elastic demands. Moreover, the genetic-annealing algorithm is adopted to overcome the complexity and difficulty in the optimization process. The results of a numerical example show that the proposed model is reasonable and effective in the combined optimization of toll location and toll rate.

    Lin Pei-qun Xu Jian-min
    2008, 36(6):  84-89. 
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    This paper proposes some new methods for the three key steps of vehicle detection and trajectory tracking based on the digital image processing. In the background estimation, the Gaussian distribution hypothesis is verified and an autoregression background estimation algorithm is presented for both daytime and nighttime light-environments. In the detection of multiple moving objects, a new traversed labeled algorithm is proposed and verified,which traverses the pixels for only one time. In the tracking of vehicles, the Kalman fihering is adopted to obtain the transition and observation matrixs, and the method to get the first state vector of Kalman filter is also studied.Moreover, the image similarity is used to match the partial image to the original one, thus overcoming the semishelter usually existing in the vehicle tracking. Experimental results in real traffic scene indicate that the proposed approaches are practical and effective, with a tracking accuracy of more than 95 %.

    Bian Jian-yong Xu Jian-min Hu Yue-ming
    2008, 36(6):  90-94. 
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    In this paper, a vision-based lane marking detection system is adopted to establish the anticipant tracking trajectory of an intelligent vehicle and to transform the kinematic model of the intelligent vehicle into a chained one. Moreover, the backstepping method is employed to design the control rule, thus overcoming not only the defect of high dimension arising from the dynamic feedback linearization controller but also the problem of high-frequency shake existing in the sliding-mode controller. Simulated results indicate that the proposed method is of good trajectory tracking control ability and global stability.

    Zhou Si-jia Luo Yu-tao Huang Xiang-dong Fu Xing-feng
    2008, 36(6):  95-100,107. 
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    The real-time choice of an optimal slip rate control target for various road adhesion conditions is the key component in the traction control strategy for electric vehicle (EV). In this paper, according to the traits of the four wheel-driven EV with bi-rotor motor, an adaptive Kalman filtering is adopted to estimate the information of vehicle velocity and traction forces on the four wheels. With the estimated information, the slope of the curves of the adhesion coefficient versus the slip rate is then calculated in real time, and, consequently, the road adhesion condition is accurately identified. Then, by taking the estimated road conditions and the pedal input as the controller inputs, a fuzzy control strategy with velocity correction factors is presented to control the output torque of the driving motor. It is demonstrated that the proposed strategy improves the capability of furthest utilizing the adhesion coefficient in various road conditions by the EV and result in an optimal anti-slip effect.

    Yao Rong-han Wang Dian-hai
    2008, 36(6):  101-107. 
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    In order to reveal the domino effect resulting from the vehicle queuing, a determination model of vehicle queuing location is constructed based on the kinetic start-stop wave model, which can real-timely decide the head location, the end location and the length of any queue in a traffic network. Then, according to the model and the correlation among vehicle flows, two random neighbor intersections in 10 conditions are taken to reveal whether the downstream flow blocks the upstream flow or the conflicted flow and further results in the domino effect. The results demonstrate that the coupling of vehicle queues on neighbor segments constitutes the core of the domino effect in a traffic network.

    Power & Electrical Engineering
    Liu Jin-ping Ye Can-tao Wen Nan-zhen
    2008, 36(6):  108-113. 
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    The heat exchange performance of the outdoor unit and its effect on the COP of a heat-pump air conditioner with R22 as the refrigerant were tested and practically investigated. The results show that ( 1 ) the phase change of the refrigerant in the outdoor unit is an inconstant temperature process with a slight temperature variation of less than 0. 5℃ ; (2) the refrigerant pressure drop of the outdoor unit in heating condition is 3 - 5 times that in refrigerating condition; and (3) when the heat exchange area of the outdoor unit is larger than that of the indoor unit and when the outdoor unit area decreases by 20%, the heat exchange quantum of the condenser decreases only by 5.75% and the COP of air conditioner decreases by 4. 00% at an outdoor unit area decrease of 20% in refrigerating condition. However, in heating condition, the decreases of the two items respectively change into 3.75% and 2.25 %.

    Liang Ping Liu Liang-liang Long Xin-feng
    2008, 36(6):  114-117,123. 
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    It is necessary to analyze the environmental quality surrounding the orimulsion-fired power plant due to the high temperature and high SO2 concentration of the emissions. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software is used to simulate the plume transmission and dispersion of high-chimney emission point-source in an orimulsion-fired power plant. Then, the Fluent software is employed to analyze the plume transmission and dispersion rules at different wind velocities and turbulence intensities according to the typical average meteorological data of Zhanjiang City, and to calculate two important factors, namely, the maximum concentration on the ground along the plume axis and the plume rising height along the plume axis. Calculated results show that, when the air velocity is 3 m/s and the turbulence is 10% or the air velocity is 6 m/s and the turbulence is 5%, the calculated maximum SO2concentration on the ground is 820 or 440μg/m3, which accords well with the theoretical and empirical data. It is thus concluded that the proposed model is effective.

    Lou Bo Ma Xiao-qian
    2008, 36(6):  118-123. 
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    The fuel ignition in the rotary kiln with high-temperature air combustion (HTAC) is a nonlinear catastrophe process. In order to investigate this process, a zero-dimension cusp catastrophe model is established according to the heat-flux potential function, with the furnace temperature as the state parameter and with the airflow flux and the air temperature as the controlling parameters. The proposed model is then used to explain the complex ignition phenomenon and unsteady state in the rotary kiln. The results indicate that the variation of high-temperature airflow flux makes the internal energy of the system fluctuate, thus resulting in the ignition or the flameout. However, a high air temperature may decrease the unsteady combustion region. It is also found that, at a high air temperature of more than 973 K, the unsteady region of sawdust combustion in the rotary kiln gradually decreases and finally disappears at 1473 K.

    Zhang Xiao-ying Ma Xiao-qian Tao Ping
    2008, 36(6):  124-126,144. 
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    The personnel evacuation performance in fire is an important criterion for evaluating the safety of highrise buildings, which can also help to direct personnel escape. In this paper, the evacuation process in high-rise building fire is divided into 3 phases, namely, the detection, the alarming and the action. Then, the empirical equations are used to obtain the time of detection and action, and the hydraulic model is used to simulate the evacuation process of people on the stairway and to further obtain the time needed for passing through the stairway and the passage. Thus, the evacuation of people is successfully simulated. Moreover, a high-rise teaching building is taken as the object to calculate the danger time and the evacuation time in each teaching time range from Monday to Saturday. As a result, the personnel safe evacuation performance of the building is obtained.

    Xie Hui-fan Zhang Yao Xia Cheng-jun
    2008, 36(6):  127-132. 
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    In this paper, the mechanism of the enhancement of transient stability of multi-machine systems by the emergency DC power support (EDCPS) is analyzed. Then, with a timely EDCPS, an appropriate DC power rise and the corresponding rising rate in the first two up-swing courses, and with a suitable drop and the corresponding dropping rate in the first two back-swing courses, the transient stability is well improved. Moreover, by using the genetic/taboo searching algorithm, the modulation parameters are well optimized. Thus, according to the pre-set key power flow or the real-time power flow as well as the preconceive accident sets in the energy management system, the transient stability parameters of some serious preconceive accident sets can be calculated off line or on line in a certain operation mode. Case study indicates that the proposed EDCPS strategy effectively improves the transient stability of the power system.

    Wang Chao Zhang Yao Xia Cheng-jun Liu Yong-qiang
    2008, 36(6):  133-137. 
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    This paper proposes a new method to determine the attraction region of the high-dimension system by using the intersection of the unstable limit cycles among system state variables near the subcritical Hopf bifurcation point. In this method, first, an improved center manifold method is used to reduce the dimension of the high-dimension differential equation sets at the subcritical Hopf bifurcation point, thus obtaining an appropriate mathematic representation meeting the requirements of limit cycle computation. Next, the necessary condition for the existence of limit cycle is deduced based on the I. Bendixson theory, which supplies the initial values for the computation. Then, the perturbation-increment method and the harmonic balance method are both adopted to solve the approximate analytical solution to the unstable limit cycles of the dimension-reduced system near the bifurcation point, and the limit cycle of the original system is obtained via variable transformation. Finally, the unstable limit cycles related to a variable are projected on a two-dimension plane, the intersection being the stable region of the variable. It is found that the proposed method helps to accurately analyze the attraction region of a class of equili-brium points of the system when the parameter greatly changes at the subcritical Hopf bifurcation point.

    Wang Qi Liu Ming-bo Li Yan-hong
    2008, 36(6):  138-144. 
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    This paper proposes an improved continuous power flow (CPF) algorithm by combining the complete Jacobian matrix and the fast-decoupled continuous power flow (FDCPF). In the algorithm, the tangent vector is calculated by taking the complete Jacobian matrix as the coefficient matrix, thus improving the accuracy of the tangent vector. Moreover, the FDCPF is applied to the calculation of initial power flow and the correction steps. As compared with the Newton-based CPF method, the proposed algorithm tracks the P- V curve more rapidly and with higher accuracy, and conveniently considers the power limit of the slack generator, which helps to analyze the effects of the power limit on the stability margin, the voltage profiles at the collapse point and the bifurcation type. Numerical simulation is finally performed on IEEE 118-bus and 1416-bus systems to reveal the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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