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Table of Content

    25 August 2009, Volume 37 Issue 8
    Mechanical Engineering
    Zhai Jing-mei Xu Xiao Yin Cun-fang Xie Cun-xi
    2009, 37(8):  1-7. 
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    :Based on the statistical process control with two quality theories and the rough set theory, an integrated model of quality monitoring, diagnosis and control is proposed for the manufacturing process. In the investigation, the on-line quality monitoring and abnormal process diagnosis model based on the statistical process control with two quality theories is dealt with, and a new rough set-based quality diagnosis model is proposed to quantify the proba- bility and importance of the effects of manufacturing parameters on the quality, thus overcoming the information in- consistency and incompleteness inherent in manufacturing processes. Moreover, an optimal control algorithm of produefion quality oriented to user requirements is presented, which is then proved feasible. The correctness of the proposed models is finally verified by an application to yeast production.

    Wu Shang-sheng He Can-feng Wang Jing
    2009, 37(8):  8-11. 
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    By analyzing the operation characteristics and the process of the printing press for self-adhesive labels, a computerized numerical control ( CNC ) system is developed, with ATmega 128 singlechip of AVR series as the su- pervision CPU and with a special busastering motion control chip PCIr045B to drive the servo motor. The devel- oped system possesses a double-CPU structure combining a special motion control chip and a microprocessor, which results in strong anti-jamming ability and control facility of the system as well as high-speed and high-precision positioning ability of the printing press. By using the developed system, fixed-length printing and color code-tracking printing can be successfully implemented with both high speed and precision, and the processes including feeding paper, pulling paper, modeling cutting and scraping can be synchronously performed.

    Liu Wang-yu Gong Jia-xing Hou Wen-feng
    2009, 37(8):  12-16,23. 
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    In order to explore the relationship between the vein structure and the minimum total strain energy that the plant leaf tries to maintain during the growth, six models of leaf vein structures with different lateral-vein vector angles are established and numerically analyzed. The results indicate that the model established according to the original leaf sample exhibits better mechanical properties, as compared with other models, and that it helps to+ keep the internal strain energy at a small value. Furthermore, it is found from the topological patterns of the leaf in single- load and multi-load fields that stress is one of the inducing factors for vein growth, and that the vein network of the plant leaf not only possesses the physiological functions but also adapts to the complex environmental stress by evolving itself into a steady self-adaptive structure with medial axis pattern.

    Liu Bin Luo fie-wen Du Li-gang Qu Jin-ping
    2009, 37(8):  17-23. 
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    :A kind of water-soluble binder suitable for the dynamic injection molding of metal powders was prepared, with polyethylene glycol and polyoxymethylene as the main components. The binder was then characterized by means of SEM, DSC, TG, dynamic rheological test, thermal performance analysis, and degreasing rate test. The results indicate that ( 1 ) the components in the binding system are of good compatibility and the binder perfectly mixes with the metal powders; (2) the binder with good response to the vibration force field can reduce the extrusion pressure by 6. 07% at most; (3) the binder is degreased very fast in water with a high degreasing ratio, and the degreasing ratio is up to 43.06% after a 4-h dipping in water at 75℃ ; (4) the binding system is of good thermal decomposition performance; and (5) additives benefit the sintering because they help to reduce the decom- position temperature.

    Chen Song-mao Ruan Feng Cai Kao-qun
    2009, 37(8):  24-28. 
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    Based on the G'sell theory and the DSGZ model, a viscoelastic constitutive model of in-mould decoration films called CF-DSGZ is proposed. CF-DSGZ model not only describes the characteristics of yielding, strain softening and strain hardening of films well, but also fully considers the influence of hydrostatic pressure in different load- ing modes. Moreover, it reduces error of actual stress-strain predicted by the DSGZ model when films are heated o- ver the glass transition temperature. According to the results of high-temperature uniaxial tension tests at different temperatures and tensile speeds, as well as the uniaxial tension and compression tests at room temperature for inmould decoration films PMMA-IRK-304, it is found that the proposed model is correct because the predicted curves agree well with the experimental ones except for a few small errors at the initial strain range.

    Zheng Xiao-ping Zhang Wei-wen Luo Zong-qiang Zhao Hai-dong Li Yuan-yuan
    2009, 37(8):  29-34. 
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    :The 7075/6009 composite ingots with diameter of 65 mm were prepared by double-stream-pouring continuous casting. The effect of processing parameters on the thickness of outer layer of 7075/6009 composite ingot was analyzed. The results show that the melt temperature in the inside ladle, the depth of the submerged entry nozzle in the mold and the diameter of the throttle bore remarkably affect the thickness of outer layer of the composites, when the temperature of the melt in the inside ladle increases from 680℃ to 780℃ , the thickness of outer layer reduced by 38.8% ; when the depth of the submerged entry nozzle in the mold increases from 0mm to 15mm, the thickness of outer layer increases by 37% ; when the diameter of the throttle bore increases from 1.6 mm to 1.8 mm, the thickness of outer layer decreased 42.2%. However, the parameters, such as the melt temperature in the outside ladle and casting speed, have little effect on the thickness of outer layer. This paper also analyzed the shape of the liquid pool during the double-stream-pouring semi-continuous casting. The role of the processing parameters in double-stream-pouring continuous casting was analyzed based on the shape variation of liquid pool.

    Chen Ke-juan He Min Lin Hui
    2009, 37(8):  35-38,44. 
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    A geometric simulation and scaling-up model of mixer is established based on the geometric similarity, the constancy of maximum shear stress and the approximation of compound viscosity. By taking the similarity of compound quality as the design goal, four geometric scaling-up factors are then chosen and the similarity conditions between the model mixer and the actual one are presented in the form of similarity criteria. According to the simi- larity criteria and the rheology theory, a scaling-up model to simulate the mixer is proposed. Moreover, with the simi]arity scaling-up theory as a design platform, a model of 370L mixer is designed, which is finally compared with the prototype mixer (BB270) and the practical one (BB370). The results show that the modeled 370L mixer with a single-parameter error of less than 10.7% and a geometric parameter-group A error of less than 8% meets the requirements of engineering design well, and that the mixing quality of the modeled mixer is similar to that of the pro- totype one. Thus, the similarity scaling-up of mixer is successfully implemented.

    Liang Ji-zhao Li Ao Yang Jia
    2009, 37(8):  39-44. 
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    :A geometric simulation and scaling-up model of mixer is established based on the geometric similarity, the constancy of maximum shear stress and the approximation of compound viscosity. By taking the similarity of compound quality as the design goal, four geometric scaling-up factors are then chosen and the similarity conditions between the model mixer and the actual one are presented in the form of similarity criteria. According to the similarity criteria and the rheology theory, a scaling-up model to simulate the mixer is proposed. Moreover, with the simi]arity scaling-up theory as a design platform, a model of 370L mixer is designed, which is finally compared with the prototype mixer (BB270) and the practical one (BB370). The results show that the modeled 370L mixer with a single-parameter error of less than 10.7% and a geometric parameter-group A error of less than 8% meets the requirements of engineering design well, and that the mixing quality of the modeled mixer is similar to that of the pro- totype one. Thus, the similarity scaling-up of mixer is successfully implemented.

    Liu Yi Ruan Feng Feng Yang Zhang Zu-jun
    2009, 37(8):  45-48. 
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    :The welding strength of the parts fabricated by sequential injection molding was predicted based on the Sanchez-Lacombe lattice theory. Then, by considering the effects of both temperature and pressure distribution in the welding region on the bonding degree, the variation rules of welding strength of the parts in different weld line locations were predicted via numerical simulation. Experimental results indicate that ( 1 ) the predicted rules accord well with the actual ones; (2) the welding strength improves with the delay time of opening the valve gate; and (3) if the downstream valve gate does not open until the melt from the upstream valve gate passes it, the weldline strength is almost equal to that of the part in the location without weld line.

    Tan Wei Yao Xi-fan
    2009, 37(8):  49-55,60. 
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    In order to solve the problems existing in the application of current manufacturing grid, a resource discovery model of manufacturing grid based on the multi-region and multi-hierarchy tree overlay network for distribution deployment of application service provider (ASP) platform is proposed. Based on the proposed model, the mechanism of automatically constructing the model online is then dealt with, and the related information-updating algorithms with advancing wave style are presented. Moreover, the essence of the ASP application mode of the model is analyzed, and the mechanisms of resource discovery and the corresponding realization algorithms are investigated. As compared with the traditional typical models of resource discovery, the proposed model is more advantageous in terms of resource discovery and resource updating. A prototype system of enterprise information node is finally designed and implemented based on the proposed model, which can perform such functions as resource regis- tration based on eUDDI registration center, resource discovery, resource information monitoring and dynamic maintenance, and information exchange.

    Hong Xiao-bin Liu Gui-xiong Ye Ting-dong Huang Guo-jian Chen Tie-qun
    2009, 37(8):  56-60. 
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    :In order to remedy the shortcomings of linear PLSR ( Partial Least Squares Regression) in multi-sensor information regression modeling, a novel modeling approach based on INLR (Implicit Nonlinear Latent Variable Regression)-PPLS (Polynomial Partial Least Squares) is put forward. In this method, multi-sensor information is preprocessed by means of linear PLSR to reduce the dimension, and a nonlinear sample-matrix transform formula of the outer model is established and linearized based on INLR. Then, the nonlinear mapping of the inner model is performed via PPLS and the reverse regression model is obtained. The proposed method is finally applied to the measurement and control system of liquid alcohol concentration. It is found that the prediction accuracy of the pro- posed approach is 21% higher than that of linear PLSR.

    Zhang Xiao-ping Liu Gui-xiong Hong Xiao-bin Liu Mei
    2009, 37(8):  61-64,70. 
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    In order to reduce the loss rate of maneuvering targets in wireless sensor network (WSN) with fixed sampiing frequency, the losing principle of maneuvering targets is analyzed and a mathematical model is established to describe the relationship among the loss rate, the sampling frequency and the target velocity. Moreover, a novel adaptive sampling frequency method to reduce the target-losing rate is proposed, and some maneuvering targets with variable velocity and moving direction are tracked by simulation. The results show that, as compared with the fixed sampling frequency method, the proposed adaptive method greatly reduces the loss rate by 3.3% -6.0% at various sampling intervals, and at an interval of 50 m, the loss rate is reduced by 6.0% with a corresponding energy consumption decrease by 13.1%.

    Huang Chen-hua Zhang Tie Xie Cun-xi
    2009, 37(8):  65-70. 
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    :A kinematic model suitable for the complete calibration of robot is built according to the vision-based pose measuring method, and an error model considering all the parameters is deduced, with the world coordinates as the reference coordinates. Then, the reference coordinates of the error model is clearly pointed out, and prob- lems relating to the key technology of simulation are solved. Moreover, some equations to validate the error model are derived, and the correctness and accuracy of the proposed error model are compared by simulation. The results indicate that the accuracy of the error model is limited, and that the identification accuracy improves; however, the identification accuracy does not exhibit obvious increase when the number of measurement times reaches a relatively constant value.

    Wu Qiang Yang Yong-qiang Xu Lan-ying
    2009, 37(8):  71-75. 
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    :Based on the quasi-stable state heat-transfer control model, a finite difference equation of thermal conduction in laser welding is deduced. Then, the critical temperature of thermal-conduction welding is determined by substituting the thermophysieal parameter (specific heat capacity) for the phase-changing latent heat. Thus, the finite difference equation can be solved with Matlab software, and the temperature field of the weldment is numerically simulated. When the vaporization appears on the material surface, the laser welding is in the critical condition between thermal-conduction welding and deep-penetration welding, and the simulated laser power density equates with the lower critical power density of laser deep-penetration welding at a given welding speed. The lower critical power density of zinc-coated high-strength steel is finally simulated at different welding speeds, and the error between the simulated results and the tested ones is kept below 5%.

    Architecture & Civil Engineering
    Wu Bo Wan Zhi-jun
    2009, 37(8):  76-82,88. 
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    Three-side fire tests of one unstrengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beam and five RC beams strengthened in flexure with carbon fiber sheets (CFSs) were carried out to reveal the influences of such factors as thicklayered fire coating thickness, load ratio and CFS-strengthening ratio on the fire resistance of the strengthened beams. Test results show that ( 1 ) the failure modes of the strengthened beams at high temperature can be classified as a flexure failure mode and a flexure-shear one ; (2) the flexure failure of the strengthened beams at room temperature may change at high temperature; (3) as compared with the unstrengthened beam, the strengthened beams with higher load are of stronger fire resistance due to the existence of fire coating; and (4) the increase of the strengthening ratio may result in the improvement of fire resistance and the change of failure mode. It is thus concluded that, by reasonably setting the fire insulation layer, the fire resistance of RC beams strengthened in flexure with CFSs well satisfies the requirements of practical engineering.

    Li Fu-min Yuan Ying-shu Geng Ou Mao Yan-hong
    2009, 37(8):  83-88. 
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    :Based on the corrosion polarization theories of metal, two theoretical models of the corrosion rate of steel bars embedded in concrete are derived, one is for the corrosion controlled by the electrochemical polarization and another is for the corrosion controlled by the concentration polarization of oxygen. The model for the electrochemical polarization indicates that in a stable corrosion state, the corrosion rate is affected by the concentrations of Fe 2+ and OH- in the pore liquid beyond the Nemst diffusion layer in a negative exponential relation, and the effect becomes more visible with the decrease of the concentrations;  temperature greatly affects the corrosion rate in a approximately positive exponential relation;  in general, the corrosion rate approximately doubles when the temperature increases by 10K; and  stress affects the corrosion rate approximately in a positive linear relation, and the effect on ordinary steel bars under low stress is relatively small but proves remarkable on the prestressed rein- forcement under high stress. Moreover, the model in the concentration polarization condition indicates that the co- rrosion rate is proportional to the equivalent diffusion coefficient of oxygen in concrete cover but inversely propor- tional to the depth of concrete cover and to the temperature of steel bars.

    Li Yan-yan Rong Xian Pi Feng-mei Qiao Jin-li
    2009, 37(8):  89-93. 
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    Twelve reinforced concrete (RC) beams with 500 MPa steel bars as the stirrups were tested to investigate the shear behavior respectively under concentrated and uniformly-distributed loads, and the shear capacity of the diagonal section and the diagonal crack width of the beams in the service stage were analyzed. Experimental results show that ( 1 ) the RC beams with high-strength stirrups are similar to those with conventional stirrups in terms of mechanical behavior, and that the shear capacity of the diagonal section can still be calculated according to GB50010--2002; (2) although the reliability of the formula presented in Chinese codes is lower than those foreign codes', it is strong enough for safety; (3) the tensile stress of stirrup across the diagonal crack can reach the yield point; and (4) the designed yield strength of stirrup should not exceed 360 MPa for the purpose of meeting the requirement for the maximum diagonal crack width of RC beams in the service stage.

    Liu Jing Zhang Wen-wu Shao Jian-tao
    2009, 37(8):  94-98. 
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    The convective heat-transfer coefficient (CHTC) of the external surface of a building is an important parameter for the energy conservation of building and the urban environmental simulation. In this paper, the CHTC of building roof plane was measured in the field via the naphthalene sublimation method, and the results were com- pared with the simulated ones obtained by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, with the feasibility of CFD method in the CHTC simulation of external surface being verified. Then, the CHTCs of the external surfaces of an isolated building and five kinds of building complexes were simulated via the CFD method. The results indicate that  for an isolated building, the CHTCs of the roof and the leeward wall are respectively the largest and the smallest, and the CHTC of sidewalls is almost equal to that of windward walls;  for building complexes, the CHTC increases with the gap between buildings ;  the CHTCs of the external surfaces of a tall building and its adjacent buildings are larger than those of other buildings; and  the change of inflow wind direction may result in the variation of CHTC of building surface. It is thus concluded that the CHTC of external surface of a building is greatly affected by the wind velocity, the wind direction, the building density, and the building height

    Liu Tian-jun Mo Hai-hong
    2009, 37(8):  99-103. 
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    In order to investigate the deformation behavior of the saturated soft clay in the Pearl River Delta under traffic loading, a series of undrained uniaxial cyclic loading creep tests were performed under K0 consolidation. The results show that  according to the intensity of cyclic loading, the accumulative deformation of the saturated soft clay can be divided into two types, one is decrescent and the other is destructive;  the relationship between the accumulative strain rate of decrescent cyclic creep and the cyclic number can be described with a power function;  the introduced relative deviatoric stress level can be well described by considering the effects of cyclic devia- toric stress, initial static deviatoric stress and confining pressure; and  the accumulative strain rate is an expo- nential function of the relative deviatoric stress level. A strain rate equation of saturated soft clay in the Pearl River Delta is also presented in the paper based on the flow theory, which well describes the strain rate-stress-cyclic number relationship of decrescent cyclic creep.

    Peng Ke-ke Huang Pei-yan Deng Jun
    2009, 37(8):  104-109. 
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    :On the basis of the time-dependent reliability theory and by considering the three-grade working mode of bridges, a new method to estimate the risk probability of existing bridges, marked FNM (Finite Element-Neural Network-Monte-Carlo Simulation) , is proposed. In this method, the time-dependent factors of both load and resist- ance are considered, some random samples of risk factors at a certain time in the operation cycle are obtained via the Monte-Carlo method based on the risk identification, and the risk probability is calculated by employing the neural network and the finite element method. Moreover, a case study of an 80 m-span concrete arch bridge that has been in operation for 8 years is performed. The results indicate that the proposed FNM method is effective in estimating the bearing capacity and risk probability at a certain time in the operation cycle. The proposed FNM method can also provide references to the decision-making of reinforcement of existing bridges.

    Yan Zhi-tao Li Zheng-liang Huang Han-jie
    2009, 37(8):  110-115. 
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    The wind loads on the main arch of a long-span half-through arch bridge interfere with each other, and the buffeting response is in a coupled multimode. In this paper, based on the inherent modal coordinates of the structure, the nodal equivalent aerodynamic buffeting forces of the bridge are formularized by considering the wind speed varying with the main-arch height. Then, the spatial coherence of the disturbed wind spectrum of the main arch and the natural wind loads, as well as the multimode coupling of the responses of the main bridge and the main arch, is taken into consideration, and the coupled buffeting of the long-span half-through arch bridge in frequency domain is analyzed via the finite element method. Finally, with the Caiyuanba Yangtze River Bridge in Chongqing as an illustrative example, the power spectrum density and variance response of both nodal displacements and pulsed elemental internal forces of the bridge are obtained. The results show that  the high-order mode greatly affects the buffeting response of the long-span half-through arch bridge;  for such types of large-span half- through arch bridges, the horizontal and vertical pulsed wind-speed power spectra play an important role in the buffeting response, while the cross power spectrum of fluctuating wind can be ignored ; and  the CQC method con- siders the effects of multi-modal and modal coupling much better than the SRSS method.

    Lu Yan-qiu Chen Yi-yan Sun Zhan-qi Zhang Xiao-ning
    2009, 37(8):  116-121,126. 
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    In order to avoid the early damage of steel bridge deck pavement which is a worldwide difficult problem, the characteristics and rules of temperature distribution of steel bridge deck pavement are investigated according to the meteorological data provided by the meteorological department. In the investigation, the Fourier heat-transfer law is adopted and the finite element method is employed. The results indicate that  in the same climatic condi- tion, the highest temperature of steel bridge deck pavement is higher than that of the road ;  with the prolonging of the high-temperature duration, the temperature fluctuation becomes more obvious and the temperature gradient changes more greatly;  the lag of temperature at the highest temperature point varies slightly with the depth; and  as compared with the road, the steel bridge deck pavement is of stronger temperature variation and de- mands severer temperature conditions. It is thus concluded that, during the design of steel bridge deck pavement, the high temperature of deck pavement deserves more attention.

    Materials Science & Technology
    Zhang Zhi-jie Zhong Ming-feng
    2009, 37(8):  122-126. 
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    :Mullite was synthesized with [ AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12] 7+ ( abbreviated to Al13 ) or aluminum chloride as the aluminium source and with sodium silicate or activated silicic acid as the silicon source, respectively. And, the synthesis process and material microstructure evolvement were investigated by means of 27Al NMR, XRD and infrared absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that  the synthesis of mullite with Al13 as the aluminum source can perform at lower temperature;  after the sintering at 900 ℃ and 1 200 ℃, the mullite precursor prepared with Al13 and activated silicic acid transforms respectively into mullite and single-phase mullite, because of the Si-O-Al bonds formed in the mullite-like precursor.

    Wu Xiao-mei Fan Yue-ming Guo Wen-ying
    2009, 37(8):  127-131. 
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    The compatibility of superplasticizer and cement with the same clinker but different particle size distributions (PSDs) was investigated via the Marsh cone method and the paste fluidity method, and the effects of the specific surface area of powders, the uniformity coefficient n, the characteristic diameter x′ and the packing porosity on the compatibility were analyzed. The results show that  the compatibility becomes poor with the increase of the specific surface area, n and the packing porosity, and with the decrease of x′;  when the specific surface area is approximately equal to x′, with the increase of n, the paste fluidity becomes poor, the saturation point dosage and the Marsh time increase, and the loss of fluidity with time reduces;  with the increase of specific surface area, the compatibility becomes poor, and the negative influence of specific surface area on the compatibility becomes critical at a narrow PSD;  low packing porosity may result in continuous and wide distribution of cement particles: and  powders with low water reqiirement are more suitable for imoroving the compatibility.

    Xie Yah Wu Xiao-mei Fan Yue-ming Yu Qi-jun Chen Ying-yun
    2009, 37(8):  132-139. 
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    Based on the half-cell potential and anodic polarization curves obtained via the fast steel corrosion test, the influences of different chloride salts and chlorin-containing materials on the steel corrosion are investigated, and the solidification of doped chloride ions by different materials is analyzed. The results indicate that  the influ- ence of CaCl2 on steel corrosion is more serious than that of NaCl as steel corrosion may occur at lower total chloride and free-chloride contents when it is doped with CaCl2;  buildups may lead to steel corrosion at a content of more than 20% ;  bottom ash does not induce steel corrosion due to its low chloride content;  the addition of cement, slag and fly ash with high effective aluminate content effectively solidifies chloride ions and reduces the steel corrosion; and  anodic polarization curves describe the steel corrosion better than half-cell potential when cement is mixed with admixtures and other compositions.

    Li Xiao-qiang Liang Hua-xing Ye Yong-quan Li Yuan-yuan
    2009, 37(8):  140-144. 
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    :Fe-2Cu-2Ni-lMo-0.8C mixed powders were rapidly consolidated via a pulsed-constant electric current sintering process, and the microstructure and fracture morphology of the alloy sintered at different pulse durations were analyzed. Moreover, the density and bending strength of the alloy were measured and the sintering consolida- tion behavior of the powders was investigated. The results indicate that   when the peak current, base current, duty cycle and frequency of the pulsed electric current are respectively 3000A, 360A, 50Hz and 50% , and when the idle constant current is chosen as 1389 A, the alloy sintered with pulsed electric current for 3 rain and with con- stant electric current for another 3 rain is of a density of 7.61 g/cm3 and a bending strength of 1540MPa;   the alloy mainly consists of pearlite, with massive or reticular ferrite and austenite as well as few nonuniformly-distributed alloy phase being also observed;   the bending fracture is in a mixed mode of cleavage, dimple and interg- ranular fracture; and   as compared with the conventional sintering, the spark plasma sintering is more effective in improving the performance and the processing efficiency.

    Chen Xing-yu Zhao Zhong-wei Chen Ai-liang Huo Guang-sheng
    2009, 37(8):  145-149. 
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    :By analyzing the voltage and breakdown voltage of titanium surface in the micro-arc oxidation process varying with the time, the solution concentration and the applied current density, the surface electrical breakdown behaviors of titanium in different electrolyte solutions are investigated. The results show that  in the micro-arc oxidation process, the electrode voltage uniformly and crenellatedly varies with the time and decreases with the increase in concentrations of two electrolyte solutions;  the breakdown voltage of the ceramic membrane surface exponentially decays with the increase of solution concentration; and  at a certain solution concentration, the breakdown voltage has no obvious relation to the applied current intensity.

    Wu Cheng-bao Liang Ji-zhao
    2009, 37(8):  150-154. 
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    :PP/diatomite composites with the diatomite pared, and the impact strength of the composites was content (volume fraction) ranging from 0 to 15% were premeasured at room temperature. Then, the impact fracture morphology of the composites was investigated with SEM and the fracture-surface fractal dimension was measured by means of projective-covering method. Moreover, the relationship between the fractal dimension and the impact strength was analyzed. The results show that   the measured fractal dimension ranges from 2. 475 4 to 2. 523 0 ;  the strong relativity between the fractal dimension and the impact strength reveals an obvious fractal behavior of the fracture surface; and  there is an exponential relationship between the fractal dimension and the impact strength.

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