As a typical representative of the new mode of shared public transport, demand responsive transit (DRT) systems are facing the challenge of efficiently processing travel demand and real-time planning of vehicle routes. Traditional dynamic scheduling methods for DRT primarily focus on adjusting vehicle routes after demand has been realized, which often limits their ability to effectively respond to dynamic fluctuations in travel demand. Therefore, this study introduced a Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach and develops a dynamic scheduling model for DRT based on a multi-period rolling optimization framework. The model used potential future stage passenger flow information to optimize current stage scheduling decisions and timely re-planning according to the latest disclosed information to cope with the uncertainty and dynamic changes of demand. In terms of solution methods, this study integrated the adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) strategy to design the MPC-ALNS algorithm. It iteratively optimized the vehicle scheduling sequence through a two-phase heuristic approach. Numerical experimental results demonstrate that in ideal scenarios without prediction deviation, compared to traditional dynamic scheduling methods, the proposed method significantly reduces the total cost of the system by 14.54%. Even in a pessimistic scenario with a 30% prediction deviation, it still achieves a cost optimization of 5.27%, and various passenger service indicators show superior performance, indicating strong universal applicability in different stochastic environments. At the same time, the experiment further verified the stable optimization performance of the method in dealing with different orders and vehicle scales, and analyzed the sensitivity of the rejection cost and proposed the setting idea of the optimal rejection cost suitable for different operating scenarios.