传统合成水凝胶受限于柔性高分子链的无规蜷曲与缠结，普遍存在微观网孔致密、生物大分子传输受阻等瓶颈。DNA超分子水凝胶凭借DNA双螺旋结构的链刚性、精确的可编程性及序列特异性相互作用，兼具优异的生物相容性、卓越的物质通透性与动态力学可调性，为突破传统生物材料的性能边界提供了可能。此文系统回顾了DNA水凝胶领域的研究进展，全面阐述了基于酶促反应、物理自组装及长链缠结的纯DNA水凝胶构筑方法，以及基于共价接枝与物理掺杂的杂化水凝胶制备策略；深入剖析了该材料独特的理化特性，重点阐释了刚性网络赋予的高通透性分子机制及超分子作用带来的剪切变稀与自愈合优势。在生物医学应用层面，文章详细论述了DNA水凝胶在构建仿生细胞外基质、功能性微血管网络及脊髓、软骨等复杂组织缺损修复中的应用；归纳了其作为免疫调节平台，在自佐剂疫苗递送、免疫检查点阻断及化疗-免疫联合治疗中重塑免疫微环境的独特作用。最后，针对该领域面临的成本控制、稳定性及环境适应性等挑战进行了讨论，并对其在临床转化及精准医疗中的发展前景进行了展望。

Conventional synthetic hydrogels have been constrained by random coiling and entanglement of flexible polymer chains, and bottlenecks such as dense microscopic pore structures and hindered transport of biomacromolecules have been widely encountered. DNA supramolecular hydrogels, enabled by the chain rigidity of the DNA double helix, precise programmability, and sequence-specific interactions, have been endowed with excellent biocompatibility, outstanding permeability, and dynamically tunable mechanical properties, thereby providing opportunities for extending the performance boundaries of traditional biomaterials. In this work, research advances in the field of DNA hydrogels were systematically reviewed. Construction routes for all-DNA hydrogels based on enzymatic reactions, physical self-assembly, and long-chain entanglement were comprehensively summarized, and fabrication strategies for hybrid hydrogels via covalent grafting and physical blending were introduced. The distinctive physicochemical features of these materials were further analyzed, with emphasis placed on the molecular mechanism by which rigid networks confer high permeability as well as the shear-thinning and self-healing advantages arising from supramolecular interactions. From the perspective of biomedical applications, DNA hydrogels were discussed in detail for building biomimetic extracellular matrices, functional microvascular networks, and for repairing complex tissue defects such as spinal cord and cartilage injuries. Their unique roles as immunomodulatory platforms were also summarized, where immune microenvironments were reshaped through self-adjuvanted vaccine delivery, immune checkpoint blockade, and chemo–immunotherapy combinations. Finally, challenges related to cost control, stability, and environmental adaptability were discussed, and future prospects for clinical translation and precision medicine were proposed.